种子预处理的作用机制研究进展

Advances in research on mechanisms of seed pre-treatments

种子在自然和农业生态系统中起重要作用,其发芽成苗对于植物物种生存繁衍具有决定性作用,但由于老化、休眠及生境恶化等问题经常导致其活力严重受损,所以探索提高种子萌发质量的方法具有深远的经济和生态意义.基于国内外最新研究,种子预处理是使植物优质、多抗、高产最实用有效的方法.本文综述了近年来的种子预处理技术及其生理生化响应,包括基因表达、细胞学效应、酶系统活性、物质能量代谢、抗氧化机制及信号传导途径.从种子发芽的不同阶段和提高抗逆性角度,阐明各预处理方法的作用机制,总结了各方法在细胞学、分子水平上的研究瓶颈以及实践应用上存在的问题.目前研究多集中于生化改变和酶活性的局部响应,缺乏以生产实践为目的的整体系统研究,为此,本文提出了对种子预处理研究的展望,旨在为今后种质资源保存、发展绿色高效农业和生态环境建设提供科学参考.

Seeds play a vital role in nature and agro-eeosystems. The success of seed germination and the establishment of a normal seedling determine the propagation and survival of a plant spe- cies, but seed vigor is often seriously damaged because of seed aging, dormancy and the deteriora- tion of natural habitat. Thus, exploring methods for improving germination quality is of great signifi- cance to ecology and the economy. Based on the latest international reports, seed pre-treatments are the most practical and effective methods for improving plant performance, increasing yields and en- hancing stress resistance. This review provided a summary of the current pre-sowing treatment tech- nologies and the physiological and biochemical responses of plants to these methods by addressing gene expression, cytological effects, enzyme system activities, material and energy metabolism, an- tioxidation mechanisms and signal transduction pathways. We also interpreted the mechanisms of the seed pre-treatment methods from aspects of seed germination acceleration and stress resistance en- hancement. The bottleneck in seed pre-treatments at the cytological and molecular levels and the problems involved in their application were also discussed. Thus far, most studies had largely fo- cused on the partial reaction alterations of plant biochemistry and enzyme activities, and they had generally been characterized by a lack of systematic and holistic study for applications to crop pro- duction. Finally, we proposed an outlook for further study in an attempt to provide a prospective and scientific reference for plant germplasm conservation, high-efficiency organic agriculture develop- ment and ecological environment re-construction.