卜辞“帝”观念的转变与商末政治理性的进步

The Concept of“God”Transformation in Inscriptions and The Progress of Political Rational at the end of Shang

从时代性上考察殷墟卜辞,可以发现作为天神的"帝"类卜辞主要出现于卜辞时代早期,后期则锐减,"帝"不是商代的至上神。而与此同时,有关宗庙建筑的"宗"类卜辞则渐增。上述现象与晚商以来天神"帝"崇拜的日渐消亡和对祖先神开始称"帝"相吻合,宗教观念上的"帝祖合一"则使祖先神地位上升,祖先祭祀的增加又促使晚商的祭祀制度发生变革,周祭制度产生并获得发展。借助于周祭,商王实现了对宗族和社会秩序的整合,并通过主导天命神示的话语权加强了王权的神圣,重申了商王政治权力的合法性,晚商王权获得空前加强,逐渐构建了以商王为中心的新型人神关系。伴随周祭的发展和"王道"政治秩序的形成,商王对政治生活的控制加强,人神关系中"人"的主体意识日渐觉醒,宗教祭祀成为商王有目的的宣扬政治信仰的手段,商末政治理性获得进步。

Studying the oracle inscriptions of the Shang dynasty on the time, We Can find the ＂God＇category inscriptions mainly appeared in the early era of Oracle inscriptions and declined sharply later.The＂God＇wasn＇t the supreme god of the Shang dynasty.While at the same time,The temples＂Zong＂inscriptions was increasing.This phenomenon was anastomosis the late Shang Dynasty ＂God＂worship of the gradual demise and the ancestors of God began to say＂God＂. The religious concept a- bout the unity of God and the ancestors caused the rise of the status of the ancestor gods, With the increasing of ancestor wor- ship, the ritual system of the late Shang Dynasty was changed, Zhou Ji system produced and obtained development.With the help of the Zhou Ji,The integration of the clan and the social order has been realized by the king of the Shang Dynasty.At the same time, through the leading voice of God fate strengthened the monarchy of the sacred and reaffirmed the legitimacy of the political power of the Shang king.The late Shang kingship obtained an unprecedented strengthening. Gradually ,New relation- ship between man and god was build and the relationship was Shang king-centered. With the development of Zhou Ji and the formation of the kingship political order,the king of Shang Strengthened the control of political life. Man leading consciousness in the relationship between man and God is gradually awakening.Religious worship has become a means to promote political be- liefs for the purpose of Shang king.Political rationality has also been improved.