欧盟法视野下的情报部门元数据监控——以欧洲法院数字权利案为视角

The Metadata Surveillance of Intelligence Agencies in EU Law——from the Perspective of Digital Rights Case

[目的/意义]随着科学技术的迅猛发展,与对通讯内容进行监控相同,情报部门对元数据的监控亦会严重干涉被监控者的基本权利。因而如何规制情报部门元数据监控从而在国家安全维护和公民基本权利保障之间取得平衡遂成为当前各国亟待解决的问题。[方法/过程]通过分析《数据保护指令》《数据保存指令》和《欧盟基本权利宪章》对情报部门元数据监控的规制,以及2014年欧洲法院数字权利案的基本法理。[结果/结论]可以得出:欧盟法对情报部门元数据监控的规制一直处于国际社会前列;数字权利案明确情报部门元数据监控会干涉公民表达自由权、个人生活权和个人数据权,并为情报部门元数据监控设置更高的标准;该案判决对欧盟成员国影响深远,也对包括我国在内的欧盟以外国家和地区极具参考价值。

[ Purpose/Significance ] With the development of technology, people find that intelligence agencies metadata surveillance seriously interferes with fundamental rights of the person being monitored. The problem that countries around the world should solve is how to regulate the intelligence agencies metadata surveillance to keep a balance between the safeguard of national security and the protection of fundamental rights. [ Method/Process] The main research methods are to analyze Directive 95/46/EC, Directive 2002/58/EC and Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union, and to analyze the case of Digital Rights. [ Result/Conclusion ] The article explains that： EU law that regulates intelligence metadata surveillance has been at the forefront of the international community ; the case of Digital Rights indicates that intelligence agencies metadata surveillance interferes with the freedom of expression, the right to privacy and data protection; the case also sets a higher standard for intelligence agencies metadata surveillance; the decision of the Case exerts far-reaching influences on the EU member states and the ruling provides a model for other countries and regions, including China.