公益与共益:从日本的“社会性”传统再构成看国家与民众

Public Good and Mutual Benefit:A Study on State and Its People from the Perspective of Reconstruction of “Sociality” Tradition in Japan

公益是一种"礼",共益是一种"俗",一直以来,日本学界认为公益和共益是互为断裂的或者是对立的理念,并认为"共益"是在日本民间独自发生、发展起来的"社会性"传统。但事实并非如此,被看成是自古以来传承下来的民间的"社会性"传统(俗),其实受到了日本近代由国家导入的"社会性"概念(礼)的很大影响。通过对这样的再构成过程进行深入探讨可知,"共益"是日本明治政府在19世纪以后,为了近代国家建设而向国民普及的"公益"之思想与民间思想相融合的结果,在互为"纠缠"的过程中被进一步强化起来的"社会性"传统。

Public Good is a ritual while Mutual Benefit is a custom.For a long time,Japanese scholars believed that the relation between Public Good and Mutual Benefit was mutually broken or opposing,and that Mutual Benefit was the sociality tradition,which developed by itself in Japanese folk society.But the truth was quite different.In fact the sociality tradition(custom)was influenced deeply by the official concept of'Sociality'(ritual)in modern Japan.Through the discussion of such a reconstruction,we can see that Mutual Benefit is the product of reunification of folk thought and Public Good,which was popularized to the common by the Meiji government after the19 th century in order to build a modern state,and the'sociality'tradition strengthened by entangled process.