由清华简《说命》三篇论古书成书与文本形成二三事

On the Formation of Ancient Books and Texts: A Discussion of Three Texts of Yue Ming from Tsing Hua Bamboo-Slip Manuscripts

清华简《说命》三篇均有自题篇名,这表明已知《尚书》篇题在很大程度上都不能确定是孔子编书时所拟定,孔子编书应该也不涉及为各篇文字最终命题;同时孔子编辑的文本并非《尚书》的唯一文本,孔子之后可能有更多人做"编书"之事,由此而形成的表现不一的《尚书》文本也会相继出现。目前还不能完全否认简本是与"古文《尚书》"系统有复杂关系的某未知《尚书》文本。在古书成书和文本形成研究中,注意未知文本的作用,将帮助我们在《尚书》成书等重要问题上形成新的想法。简本《说命》三篇的出现对准确认定包括《国语》在内的早期语类文献的形成和史料价值,也有重要帮助。

According to the Tsing Hua bamboo slips, all three texts of Yue Ming have their own titles. This indicates that the existing titles in Shang Shu （ The Book of History） may be not necessarily given by Con- fucius who was not supposed to give a fixed title to every text. Meanwhile, the texts edited by Confucius were not the sole version of Shang Shu texts. More compilations might occur in the wake of Confucius, leading to the successive diverse versions of Shang Shu. At present, it cannot be totally denied that the version from the Tsing Hua bamboo-slip manuscripts is an unknown versionof Shang Shu which has complicated relations with ＂Shang Shu in ancient Chinese script＂. While studying the formation of ancient books and texts, we should pay atten- tion to the role of unknown texts which stimulate new ideas concerning such important issues as the formation of Shang Shu. The occurrence of three texts of Yue Ming from Tsing Hua bamboo slips is of great help in accurate- ly ascertaining the formation of the early ＂yu＂-genre documents including Guoyu and assessing their value as historical data.