商业化育种战略研究:历程、特点、模式及政府管理行为

Strategic study on the history,characteristics,models and governmental administrating behaviors of commercial breeding

基于中美对比视角,分析了商业化育种的历程、特征与模式,并以四川省商业化育种管理为例探讨了中国商业化育种发展策略。对比结果表明,美国经历了"政府主导的公益性育种、政府主导的半商业化育种、企业主导的商业化育种、国际垄断商业化育种"四个阶段,中国经历了"政府主导的公益性育种、政府主导的公益性育种与商业化育种萌芽、政府主导的半公益性与半商业化育种"三个阶段,中国种子企业整体上不具备商业化育种主体的实力,中国育种整体进程滞后美国25-35年。分析认为,商业化育种具有"国际化竞争、高投入保障、高技术支撑、市场化导向、专业化分工"的基本特征,可采取企业自主育种、企业订购/收购品种、事企合作育种三种模式,美国主要采取第一种模式,中国以后两种模式为主。四川商业化育种政府管理行为体现了"品种引领、市场导向、人才支撑、企业主体"的理念,精准把握了商业化育种中的品种定位、管理定位和实现路径定位,辩证处理好了政府与市场、数量与质量、公平与效率、竞争与合作、分散与集中、自律与他律等"六大关系",对全国商业化育种实践具有借鉴意义。研究表明,中国将长期处于专家育种向产学研联合育种、公益性育种向商业化育种的双重转型期。因此,建议政府要完善法律法规和种子市场监管体系,注重激发育种科技人员创新活力,并根据市场规律和科研体制改革进展稳步推进商业化育种。

This paper compared the history, characteristics and models of commercial breeding industries between China and the United States. Using Sichuan Province as an example, this paper also discussed the governmental administrating behaviors and strategies of commercial breeding in China. The breeding history of the United States could be classified into 4 stages, including non-commercial breeding led by the Government, partial commercial breeding led by the Government, commercial breeding led by private companies, and monopoly commercial breeding worldwide. In contrast, China＇s breeding history could be classified into 3 stages, including non-commercial breeding led by the Government, non-commercial breeding led by the Government with emergence of commercial breeding, and coexistence of commercial and non-commercial breeding led by the Government. In the current stage of breeding, most of China＇s seed companies were not qualified to become the leaders of commercial breeding, and the overall progress of China＇s breeding was lagged behind the United States by 25 to 35 years. Analysis results show that the characteristics of commercial breeding can be identified as international competition, high investment, technology-driven, market- oriented and specific division in breeding pipelines. There are three commonly adopted models of commercial breeding including 1） breeding by private companies, 2） purchasing varieties by private companies, and 3） cooperative breeding, by companies and government-affiliated institutions. Model 1 was the mainstream in the United States, while model 2 and model 3 were prevalent in China. In Sichuan Province, commercial breeding industry shows the following characteristics of variety-guiding, market-orientation, expert-supporting and company-leading, and Sichuan＇s experience can be a model for other regions to commercialize breeding in terms of variety adoption, government administration,and implementing path selection, and in terms of handling six pairs of relationships, including government and market, quality and quantity, fairness and efficiency, competition and cooperation, dispersion and concentration, and self-discipline and heteronomy. This research also found that the transitional period from exclusive to cooperative breeding and from non-commercial to commercial breeding might coexist for a very long time in China. Therefore, the Government should and ought to take actions to perfect relevant laws and regulations, to build a better supervision system of seed market, to stimulate breeders＇ enthusiasm of innovation, and to steadily promote the pace of commercial breeding in accordance with market rules and the reform progress of China＇s scientific research system.