“文明移植”论与康有为后期思想的转向

On the “Civilization Transplantation” Theory and the Change of Kang Youwei's Later Thoughts

流亡时期的康有为,确立了"文明移植"观,它强调文明绝不是一个地区、一个民族的专有产物,任何文明的繁盛,都是与外部碰撞交流之结晶。由此,康有为断言近代欧洲文明之崛起,并无秘诀可言。只要引进"外来文明的积极因素"——"物质"之学,中国的迅速崛起,亦非难事。通过提升"物质"的地位,康有为力图突破"中体西用"论的坚硬框架,另一方面,康有为又割裂"物质"与道德哲学,拒绝以"物质"标准来评判文明社会的优劣,更倾向于中华文明在精神领域的优位性。由此,在世界文明多样性与中华文明中心主义之间,难以完成其理论的整合性,这也成为解读流亡时期康有为思想从"革新"转向"保守"的关键所在。

Kang Youwei,in his exile period,established the'civilization transplant'concept.It emphasizes that civilization is by no means a region,or a nation's proprietary creation,but an achievement of exchange and collision with outside world.Thus,Kang Youwei asserted that there is no secret in the rise of modern European civilization.As long as there is the introduction of positive factors of foreign civilization,China's rapid rise is not difficult.By enhancing the status of'substance,'Kang Youwei tried to break from the framework of'Westernized Chinese style.'On the other hand,Kang Youwei split'substance'from moral philosophy,refusing to judge the civilized society by'substance'standard and focusing more on the spirit of Chinese civilization.Therefore,he hovered between the diversity of world civilization and Chinese civilization centrism.That is why it is difficult to complete the integration of his theory,and the key point to interpret the Kang Youwei thoughts' change from innovation to conservatism.