身体实践的“一”与“多”:中西体育文化对比研究的困境与出路

“One” and “Multiple” in Physical Practice:Dilemma and Outlet of Comparative Study of Chinese and Western Sports

中西体育文化因子对比研究中存在的差异或同一的论争困境源于方法论和身体、文化、体育核心概念的人类学考察。研究基于多元文化主义的跨文化对比视角,以期对中西人类身体活动行为文化对比的文本进行客观诠释与注解。研究认为:"人化"的本能身体动作和行为早于文化,在中西方体育文化的对比研究中应将身体实践行为置换体育文化;从时间节点考察中西体育实践形态内容,发现它们自身内部存在一定程度的传承断裂特征;跨文化的比较发现中西方体育活动在应对环境的反应和挑战中,都会基于人、自然或社会现实的需求表现出普遍的共性或差异性。中西体育形态的差异性主要体现在二者对宗教信仰和娱乐精神的分离与耦合以及"体用"关系的路径选择偏好差异;在共存和认同中维护世界体育文化的多样性的同时要做到文化自觉和自信,加强"地域标识性"体育项目建设。

The dilemma of controversy about difference or identity in the comparative study of the Chinese and western sports cultural factors stems from the anthropological investigation of methodology, body, culture and core sport concepts. The cross--cultural comparison based on multiculturalism is expected to provide an objective interpretation and annotation of the texts on cultural comparison of Chinese and Western physical activities and behaviors of human beings in China and Western countries. The study found that the instinctive ＂humanized＂ physical actions and behaviors should precede culture, and the physical practices and behaviors should be replaced by sports culture in the comparative study of Chinese and western sports culture. The study of the contents of sports practices in both China and Western countries from the perspective of point of time found that there exist some inherent inher- itance breakage characteristics in them. The cross--cultural comparisons show that Chinese and western sports activities are showing universal generality and individuality based on the needs of human, nature or social reality in responding to environmental reactions and challenges. The difference between sports forms in China and Western countries is mainly reflected in the separation and coupling of religious beliefs and recreational spirits as well as the preferences of path choice in the relation of ＂essence and its use＂. In the coexistence and identity, the diversity of world sports culture should be maintained. In addition, cultural awareness and self--confidence should be achieved and the construction of sports projects as ＂geographical symbols＂ should be strengthened.