我国自然债司法实践现状分析

Analysis on Judicial Practice of Natural Obligation Cases in China

民法自然债指符合一般道德观念要求的法律未赋予强制力但维护其自愿履行后果,故给付人不得请求返还,受领人有权受领并保有给付的债。民事司法中,一方面围绕既有规范的适用来落实自然债,如诉讼时效或执行期限届满后的自然债、利息给付的自然债等;另一方面在自然债的类型拓展上进行有益的探索,如对分手费约定给付、经败诉判决后的债、排除执行力的当事人约定、过高违约金的约定等进行特别的司法处理。我国自然债的民事司法实践现状,既展现了司法对于立法的尊重和落实,也体现了一定程度的创造与创新,仍需要立法上的制度完善。

Natural obligation refers to the obligation within which the giver has no enforceability and voluntarily perform the holding effect. So the giver has no right to require restoration and the reciever has the right to hold. On the one hand, civil justice applies existing legal norms as to natural obligation, such as norms of expiration of the time limit for action or for enforcement, norms of interest payment, etc.. On the other hand, civil justice has carded out beneficial exploration of type expansion of natural obligation, through handling of special cases concerning breakup fee, giving alter a losing judgment, arrangement of exclusion of enforcement power, and excessive contract penalty, etc.. Generally, present civil judicial activities of natural obligation exhibit respect for and application of legislative norms, and also to some extent reflect creativity and innovation.