论行政公益诉讼的宪法基础——以传统行政诉讼模式的合宪性危机为线索

The Constitutional Basis of Administrative Public Litigation:Based on the Constitutional Crisis of Traditional Administrative Litigation

我国行政诉讼法要求原告与被诉行政行为之间存在利害关系,奉行的是主观诉讼原则。行政诉讼承担着对民主的捍卫功能和实践功能,但是在主观诉讼原则之下公民无法通过司法途径参与公共事务管理并维护公共利益,行政诉讼制度的民主根基被削弱。不断膨胀的行政权几乎垄断了对公共利益的解释权和维护权,法院无法通过司法权对其进行有效制约。利害关系要件和过于狭窄的受案范围导致为数众多的行政违法行为无法接受司法审查,延缓了行政法治的进程。权利的发展变化导致公民与行政行为的利害关系弱化,对权利救济制度提出新的要求。传统行政诉讼模式因此遭遇合宪性危机。行政公益诉讼制度是对传统行政诉讼模式的有益补充,我国初步建立了行政公益诉讼的制度框架,但仍然需要在试点的基础上不断探索该制度的完善之道。

The stake between plaintiff and administrative act is one of the requirements of Administrative Litigation Law in China,which establishes the subjective litigation principle there. However,under this principle,citizens cannot participate the public affairs administration through judicial approach and safeguard public interests,which blocks the two democratic functions of administrative litigation and weakens the democratic basis of the system. The expending administrative power nearly monopolizes the interpretation and safeguard of public interests and the judicial power cannot limit it effectively. The stake element and the too narrow scope of the cases both lead to the failure of judicial review and obstruct the process of rule of law. The development of civil rights have weakened the stake between the citizens and the administrative acts and call for the reformation of the remedy system. All of these changes and developments of administrative litigation have contributed to the constitutional crisis of traditional system. Administrative litigation for public interests is an important supplement for the traditional system. Though it has been established in China,some more exploration still needs to be done.