劳动标准与贸易和投资协定挂钩的历史演进、当代特点与未来趋势

The Linkage between Labor Standard and Agreements of Trade and Investment: Normative Evolvement,Current Feature and Future Trends

从1948年的《哈瓦那宪章》及1995年的《多边投资协定》草案到当前的FTA和BIT,半个多世纪以来,与经济协定挂钩的劳动标准内容处于持续演进的过程中,并对缔约方国内的劳动立法、执法、司法和法律监督提出不同程度的要求。此类挂钩整体上将趋向严格,其与国内劳动立法、执法、司法和法律监督的互动,以及实施中需要解决的条款解释和违约损害评估等问题,值得正在与美国和欧盟谈判BIT的劳动标准条款以及将来可能加入TPP劳动章谈判的中国关注。中国有必要在把握劳动标准与经济协定挂钩的整体发展趋势的基础上,根据各经济协定谈判的具体情况和中国的承受能力,从劳动标准的范围、实施义务、组织机制、争端解决程序和救济措施等方面厘定相对有利的条款。

From draft clauses of labor standard in Havana Charter（ 1948） and Multilateral Investment Agreement（ 1995） to labor standard clauses in current FTA and BIT,for more than 50 years,the linkage between labor standard and agreements of trade and investment has never stopped. While to different degrees,such linkage does put requirements for contracting parties＇ domestic labor legislation,administration adjudication and supervision. Future linkage will be stricter on the whole. As China is negotiating labor standard under the framework of BIT with US and EU,and will possibly apply to join TPP,the interaction between labor standard in economic agreements and contracting parties＇ domestic labor legislation,administration,adjudication and supervision should not be omitted. Problems of clause interpretation and monetary assessment of violation should be fully considered. Based on the general trend of the linkage,it is wise for China to take the respective negotiation situation of different agreements and its own implementation ability into consideration,and design labor standard clauses that are relatively beneficial from the perspectives of application range,enforcement obligation,institution,dispute settlement procedures and implementation mechanism.