4Schoenfeld A.Explorations of students' mathematical beliefs and behaviors.Journal for Research in Mathematics Education,1989,20(4),338-355.
5Ball D L.The mathematical understandings that prospective teachers bring to teacher education.Elementary School Journal,1990,90,449-466.
6Lampert M.when the problem is not question and the solution is not the answer:Mathematical knowing and teaching.American Educational Research Journal,1990,1:29-63.
7Stein M K,Smith M S.Mathematical tasks as a framework for reflection.Mathematics Teaching in the Middle School,1998,4:268-275.
8Shulman L.Knowledge and teaching:Foundations of the new reform[J].Harvard Educational Review,1987,57:1-22.
9Van Zee E H,Minsrell J.Using questioning to guide student thinking.The Journal of the Learning Sciences,1997,6:229-271.
10Bryk A S.Raudenbush S W.Hierarchical linear models:Application and data analysis methods.Newbury Park,CA:Sage,1992.
