农业源氨排放影响因素研究进展

Review of Researches on Factors Affecting Emission of Ammonia From Agriculture

氨(NH_3)作为大气中碱性气体,在雾霾形成中起着关键性作用,从源头上控制NH_3排放,对降低大气二次无机盐及PM2.5浓度水平,控制雾霾污染,大幅提升空气环境质量尤为重要。农业源NH_3排放是大气中人为源NH_3的主体,其主要来源于农田施肥和畜禽养殖。因此,总结农业源NH_3排放国内外研究进展,分析NH_3排放影响因素,对于了解其NH_3排放过程与特征,进而针对性提出控制措施具有重要意义。为此,就农田施肥和畜禽养殖NH_3排放影响因素的国内外研究现状进行了系统总结,结果发现,肥料类型、土壤理化性质、田间气象要素和施肥方式是影响农田施肥NH_3排放的主要因素;畜禽饲料性质、禽舍环境和清粪模式是影响畜禽养殖NH_3排放的主要因素。目前,农田施肥NH_3排放研究主要是从农田氮地球化学循环过程和粮食增产需求角度开展,而畜禽养殖NH_3排放研究主要从职业卫生健康角度开展,上述研究缺乏以NH_3排放环境暴露风险为目的的考量。因此,开展以环境空气为排放界面的农业源NH_3排污系数研究,制定农业源NH_3排放清单,并基于环境暴露风险,明确农业源NH_3排放优先控制区域,最终可为环境管理部门制定农业源NH_3排放分区控制技术体系、策略与路线图以及标准与政策法规提供理论依据。

Ammonia （NH3 ） as an alkaline gas in the atmosphere plays a key role in the formation of haze. Control of NH3 emission at source is hence particularly important to reduction of the concentrations of secondary inorganic salts and PM2.5 in the atmosphere,control of haze pollution,and improvement of air environment quality. Agriculture is a major source of anthropogenic NH3 emitted into the atmosphere,and farmland fertilization and livestock and poultry breeding are the two major sources in agriculture. Therefore,the review summarized the researches at home and abroad on NH3 emissions from agriculture and analyzed factors affecting NH3 emissions, which is of fundamental significance to the understanding of the process and characteristics of NH3 emission and designing corresponding control measures. It has been found that fertilizer type, soil physicchemical properties, field meteorological elements and fertilization practice are the main factors affecting NH3 emission from farmland fertilization. Nature of feed, barn environment and dung disposal mode are the main factors af-fecting NH3 emission from livestock and poultry breeding. However, currently the researches on NH3 emission from farmland fertilization proceed from the aspects of geochemical recycling of N in farmlands and N demand for higher grain yield, while the researches on NH3 emission from livestock and poultry breeding do from the aspects of occupation alhygiene and health,both lacking the concerns about the target of controlling the risk of environmental exposure of NH3 emission. Hence, it is proposed to unfold studies on emission coefficient of NH3 from agricultural sources with the ambient air as emission interface, determination of priority control zones of NH3 emissions from agricultural sources, and in the end provision of theoretical basis for formulation of a technical system, strategies, route maps and standards for sub-zonal control of agricultural NH3 emission, and for^nation of relevant policies and regulations for environmental management authorities.