清代沧州驻防的设立、本地化与覆灭

The Foundation, Localization and Destruction of the Cangzhou Garrison in the Qing Dynasty

八旗驻防是清代兵制的基本问题。清朝不能彻底革除旗民藩篱,满汉矛盾客观存在。近代多处驻防面对强敌,难以号召民众助战,终告覆灭。不过,八旗驻防衰亡,不宜一概归因"满汉矛盾",顺治五年(1648)设立的沧州驻防便是一例。它自初建起便非征服者,而是治安军;始终未筑满城,便于旗民交流;自十八世纪起,在本地挑甲、秋收、入葬,逐渐本地化。咸丰三年(1853)太平军进逼沧州,旗民并肩血战,令其损失惨重,折戟天津,改变了清史走向。这种情况并非沧州独有,十九世纪六十年代的杭州、西安、凉州、宁夏与巴里坤都是旗民协作的典范。研究近代驻防史,须周览史料,分析个案,而非先入为主地下结论。

The eight banner garrison system is the basic problem of the Qing military system. The banner people were separated from and unequal to the civilians by the Manchu governor. Manchu-Han differences could not be completely repealed in the Qing Dynasty. A part of garrison were annihilated without support by civilians after 1840. However, the history of decline and fall of the banners garrison system should not completely be attributed to the definite relationship between Manchu and Han. The Cangzhou garrison was not an occupation troop but a security force since foundation in 1648. The relationship between the banner and civilians was friendlier than some cities for the Manchu city never building. Since the 18 th century, banner soldiers were selected, cropped and buried in Cangzhou. The Cangzhou banners had been gradually localized. In 1853, the garrison and the local people fought together with the Taiping rebels invaders. Cangzhou was fallen but Taiping rebels suffered so heavy that crashed in Tianjin which changed the history of the Qing Dynasty. In 1860＇s, Hangzhou, Xi＇an, Liangzhou, Ningxia and Barkul were the models for the collaboration of Manchu and Han as Cangzhou. For studying the modern banners garrison history, we need analyze the cases through comprehensive historical materials, but not conclude by the first impression.