实行行为的“危险”与处罚未遂的实质根据——“修正的具体危险说”之提倡

The “Danger” about the Perpetrating Act of Crime and the Essential Grund of Punishing Attempted Crime——The Promotion of “the Revised Concrete Danger Theory”

犯罪一旦着手,不问既遂与否,既已存在特定实行行为,便具备处罚之实体根据。实行行为于形式而言需符合具体罪状的构成要件描述,于实质而言需要有对法益形成的一定程度的"危险"。"危险"并非纯客观存在,行为人的主观状态不仅可能决定危险的有无,还可能影响危险的程度;"危险"也并非纯科学性事实,而应充分顾及实行行为的规范属性;实行行为具有定型性、独立性,作为其实质内容的"危险"自然是其自身内在具备的要素,不能等同于危险犯中作为结果的"危险状态"。具体危险说大体是合理的,但将事后查明的事实一概排除在外,系其局限所在。对具体危险说的修正方向应是将事后查明的事实作为判断"危险"的参考因素,而不应视之为判断基础。未遂犯的处罚根据在于行为本身的危险,内在于实行行为的"危险"应是未然的、可能性的、规范的、主客观一体化的。在"危险"认定中应以一般人可能认识到或行为人特别认识到的事实为基础,将事后查明的事实作为参考因素,以社会一般性(通常性)作为规范性的判断标准,从行为时认定侵害法益的可能性。

Once the crime begins,whether accomplished or not,the specific perpetrating act already exists,then it has the actual ground of punishment. Formally,the perpetrating act is required to meet the crime elements description of specific charges,virtually,it is required to have a certain degree of ＂risk＂to the legal interest,at this point,there is no ＂formal crime＂in the criminal law.＂Danger＂is not the purely objective existence; the subjective elements of the actor are not only possible to determine whether there is danger or not,but also possibly determine the extent of the danger; ＂danger＂is also not purely scientific fact,So it should fully be taken into the account of the normative attribute of perpetrating act; the perpetrating act has the stereotyping and independent characteristic,as its essence,the ＂danger＂is naturally its own intrinsic element,which cannot be equated with the ＂danger state＂of dangerous crime,otherwise we will get the weird conclusion that the attempted is also accomplished. The correction direction about ＂concrete danger theory＂should take fact post finding out as the reference factor,but not the judgment basis. In short,the ＂danger＂inside the perpetrating act should be unknown,possible,normative,unified of subjective and objective.