陕西米脂汉墓出土玉覆面和玉鞋的科学分析与研究

Scientific Analysis and Research on Jade Face-Cover and Jade Shoes of a Han Tomb in Mizhi,Shaanxi

玉覆面是古代玉敛葬的重要形式之一,反映了当时的用玉制度与葬俗。此次研究以米脂县银南新区M103出土的玉制品为对象,通过显微观察、拉曼光谱分析、XRD分析以及红外光谱分析和扫描电镜显微分析对选取的11片玉片样品的材质和加工工艺以及玉片表面残留物进行了科学分析与研究。结果显示,透闪石玉是组成玉覆面及玉鞋的主要玉种,此外还有少量蛇纹石玉和石英岩玉。玉片上的红色附着物为朱砂,很有可能是用于纺织品染色。纺织品痕迹显示其为麻织物,织物可能是用于承托和固定玉片。玉片的加工痕迹显示,可能是受工艺水平限制或制作时间仓促,制作较粗糙。

Jade face-cover was an important component in the practice of jade funeral suit and reflects the jade- burying custom during the Han period. This study analyzes jade artifacts found from tomb M103 in Yinnan district, Mizhi. Employing microscopic observation, Raman spectra, XRD analysis, infrared spectra analysis, and SEM analysis to study minerals of the raw material, manufac~＇ing techniques, and surface residues on 11 jade samples, the results are as follows. First, the minerals of these samples include primarily tremolite and small percentage of serpentine and quartzite. Second, the red residue on jade is cinnabar, which was used for fabric dying. Third, fabric remains indicate they belong to linen textile for mounting or consolidating in-laid jade pieces. The manufacturing trace also shows that the working of these jade objects was not well polished, probably due to low-level manufacturing skill or limited time for preparation.