飞行员风险知觉的影响因素及加工机制

Infl uence Factors and the Processing Mechanism of Pilots' Risk Perception

风险知觉作为风险管理的核心成分,显著影响飞行安全。本文首先综述了飞行员风险知觉的影响因素,发现飞行环境、飞行员特征和组织文化等均会对飞行员的风险知觉产生影响。其次,借鉴汽车驾驶员危险知觉模型,比较飞行员与汽车驾驶员的差异性,并结合影响飞行员风险知觉的因素提出飞行员的风险知觉是一个包括风险识别、风险评价和行为倾向的三阶段加工过程,且采用串行和并行相结合的方式进行加工。最后,就飞行员风险知觉加工机制和影响因素研究的不足提出建议。

Risk management is an essential skill for pilots in modem aviation due to the fact that aviation is a high risky activity. By analyzing the similarity and difference between pilots＇ risk perception and drivers＇ risk perception, we summarized and discussed the mechanism of processing and affected factors, which would predict the possibility of the involvement of flight accidents and safety operation behaviors of the pilots in advance, thus the aviation risks could be prevented. This paper summarized the risk perception of pilots from two aspects. Firstly, the factors that influenced the risk perception of pilots were summarized. The pilots＇ risk perception was im~＇luenced by three aspects including the flight environment, the characteristics of pilots and the organizational culture. The flight environment consisted of the external environment and the aircraft. The characteristics of pilots included age, flight experiences, gender, attitudes and personality traits such as cognitive styles and control points. And the trend of pilots＇ risk perception demonstrated an ＂inverted U curve＂ with the increase of age and flight experiences. In addition, the safety culture of enterprises, the CRM and the information sharing and exchange between the pilots and the ATCs also had impacts on pilots＇ risk perception. Secondly, we discussed the processing mechanism of the pilots＇ risk perception. The results indicated that the pilots＇ risk perception was a three-stage process which included risk identification, risk assessment and behavior tendency. Not only should a pilot identify the risk of the external environment about the flight situation and the malfunction of the aircraft itself, but also the pilot should assess correctly the risk value he recognizes from the external environmant and the flight capacity of the pilot himself, and make preparations for the flight decision-making. However, pilots often confronted immediate risks from the dynamic flight environment, which would lead to the needs of updating and recognizing the risk stimulus information. Therefore, a combined pattern of the serial processing and the parallel processing was needed to handle the mechanism of risk perception of pilots. In the end, we concluded the deficiencies of the search on the processing mechanism and the influencing factors of pilots＇ risk perception. First, the age and the flight experiences were related to pilots＇ risk perception in ＂inverted U curve＂. However, we did not reach a general conclusion about the span range and the gradient of age and the flight experience. In the future study, researchers should investigate the subtle influence of experiences on pilots＇ risk perception whereby using the large data statistics and shortening the age span and the flight experience, thus a delicate diagram of the effect trend could be obtained. Second, in the future study, we should pay close attention to the influence of emotion on the pilots＇ risk perception. Especially in the positive emotion, pilots may have a high risk propensity and be inclined to fly from the visual meteorological conditions into the instrument meteorological conditions, which would result in the occurrence of the flight accidents. Finally, we do not get the empirical research conclusion about the pilots＇ risk perception model. In the future study, the processing mechanism of pilots＇ risk perception can be analyzed and understood further by making evidence-based research, which provides the basis for the better risk management training.