正念冥想训练水平对情绪加工的影响

The Infl uence of Mindfulness Training Level on Emotional Processing

越来越多的研究表明,正念冥想训练影响情绪加工。本文从正念冥想训练水平(包括临时训练、短期训练和长期训练)角度出发,系统回顾了不同水平的正念冥想训练对情绪加工的调节效应。综述发现,不同水平正念冥想训练都能够提高个体情绪调节能力,临时正念冥想训练作为一种有效的情绪调节方法影响情绪加工,而短期正念冥想训练和长期禅修训练通过增加个体正念意识、增强个体情绪接受力影响情绪加工。未来的研究需进一步在区分正念冥想训练时间和正念冥想训练类别基础上,考察正念冥想训练影响情绪加工的认知神经机制。

Mindfulness is typically defined as non-judgmental attention to experiences in the present moment. Mindfulness includes two components： the first component is the regulation of attention to maintain it on the immediate experience and the second component involves approaching one＇s experiences with curiosity, openness, and acceptance. A large body of research has documented the efficacy of mindfulness training in the treatment of clinical disorders, including anxiety, depression, substance abuse, eating disorders, and chronic pain. Until recently, not only has mindfulness training successfully been used in the treatment of disorders but it has also been shown to produce positive effects on psychological well-being and to improve the emotional regulation ability. Thus, it has been showed largely that mindfulness training influences emotional processing. The scientific study of mindfulness has viewed mindfulness as an attentional state which can be fostered through training. Mindfulness training research entails training mindfulness-naive participants to adopt a mindful attentional stance （3 minutes to 1 hour） while completing emotional tasks, or examining how brief （4 days to 4 months） mindfulness training or long （10 years or longer） mindfulness training impacts emotional processing. Thus, the article systematically reviewed the moderating effect of mindfulness training on emotional processing, from the training level （including temporary mindfulness training, short mindfulness training, and long mindfulness training） perspectives. In the article, we first investigated the relationship of temporary mindfulness training and emotional processing. Second, we examined the relationship of short mindfulness training and emotional processing. Third, we explored the relationship of long mindfulness training and emotional processing. Finally, we raised some questions which need to be done in the future. Mindfulness training research can be categorized by participants＇ level of mindfulness training： temporary mindfulness training, short mindfulness training, and long mindfulness training. A lot of research showed that mindfulness training improved individuals＇ emotional regulation, and then increased individual subjective well-being and the quality of life. First, studies of temporary mindfulness using meditation-naive participants instructed participants with no previous mindfulness training to adopt a mindful attentionai stance. Research showed that temporary mindfulness training was associated with greater widespread prefrontal cortical activation （especially left prefrontal Cortex）, and reduced amygdala activity, which then influenced emotional processing. Thus, temporary mindfulness training was an effective method of emotion regulation. In contrast, short mindfulness training increased individual mindfulness consciousness, and improved individual emotional regulation. From the neural research, short mindfulness training increased the activation in the attention-related cortical regions and the left prefrontal cortex, and reduced arnygdala activity. For long mindfulness training, as the training time increased, long mindfulness training increased mindfulness consciousness, and improved individual emotional regulation. Especially, long training of open monitoring meditation could bct（er facilitate emotional processing. In conclusion, individuals can improve individual emotional regulation, and then increase individual subjective well-being and the quality of life through mindfulness training, and mindfulness training has bean proved to have significant effects on the interventions for psychological and physical disorders. Future studies should focus on the relationship between mindfulness training and dispositional mindfulness, investigate how mindfulness training types and mindfulness training time contribute to emotional processing, and further clarify the relationship between mindfulness meditation training that relates to brain lateralization.