北京市职住空间关系特征及变化研究——基于第五、六次人口普查和2001、2008年经济普查数据的实证分析

CHARACTERISTICS OF JOB-HOUSING SPATIAL RELATIONSHIP AND CHANGES IN BEIJING: AN EMPIRICAL STUDY BASED ON DATA FROM THE 5TH, 6TH POPULATION CENSUS AND ECONOMY CENSUS IN 2001 AND 2008

大都市圈职住空间关系对城市的交通、资源和环境产生深远影响。本文以北京为例,运用分街道的人口普查数据以及经济普查数据,分析职住空间关系特征及其变化。结果显示,2000-2010年市区和郊区的居住密度同时增加,开始呈现郊区化、多中心发育的特征;就业却更加向城市中心集中,不足以形成多中心就业的格局。城市中心区职住比升高,近郊靠近城市中心区的地区职住比降低,更多居民居住在郊区而到城市中心就业,职住错位加剧;而在郊区行政区中心,就业次中心开始初步形成。北京的案例表明,居住不断郊区化的同时,就业却更加集中,呈现出居住在郊区、就业依然集中在城市中心这种不同于西方城市的职住错位模式。本研究丰富了基于西方城市化背景下的职住错位理论并提供了新的实证案例,也为通过制定土地利用与交通协同的政策来提升居民就业可达性提供了政策依据。

Job and housing spatial relationship deeply influences urban transportation, resources and environment. Using the case of Beijing, this paper explores the spatial characteristics and changes in job-housing relationship based on data of population and economy census. Results show that from 2000 to 2010, residential densities increased in both urban and suburban areas, indicating a trend of suburbanization and polycentric urban spatial structure. While job opportunities were much more centered on urban central area, which could hardly form a polycentric job structure. With more people living in suburban area and work in urban center, the JHB index increased in the urban central area and decreased in the near suburban area, indicating that the job-housing mismatch aggravated and the suburban center started to be formed. The case study of Beijing shows the uniqueness of Chinese cities： with the suburbanization of residential areas, the job distribution becomes more concentrated on city center. This paper enriches the theory of job-housing mismatch from classical hypothesis based on western cities＇ context, and also provides implications for land use and transportation synergy planning policies to improve the accessibility for urban residents.