儒家孝道中的性别难题——以匡章事件为中心的讨论

The Gender Dilemma in Confucian Filial Piety——Taking the Kuangzhang Event as the Focus of Discussion

作为一个典型的思想史事件,匡章事件表征了儒家孝道中的一个性别难题:孝母抑或从父的两难。将《孟子》与《演义》进行深度比照,可以发现这个难题中存在的三个相互关联的问题:从父与孝母这两种义务的价值排序、"责善"的正当性追问、"几谏"在特殊情境下的价值判断。在关于匡章事件的历史评述中,上述三个问题在某种程度上得到了应答,同时亦存在着分歧与疑问。基于儒家规训中的两条路线重新理解匡章事件及其内在问题,种种分歧与疑问则得以消释。导致此种性别难题的根本原因不但在于儒家规训中秩序路线的主导作用,亦与父子之间的单向度义务设定不无关联,而这正是儒家孝道的缺陷所在。

As a typical event of thought history,the Kuangzhang Event represents a gender dilemma in Confucian filial piety：whether to honor his mother or to respect his father.An in-depth comparison between Mencius and the Character Romance of 72 Dynasty finds that there exist three correlative is-sues in the dilemma：the value order of the two obligations,namely respecting the father and honoring the mother;the inquiries into the legitimacy of “recommending good”;the value j udgement on tender remonstration in special circumstances.While the above three questions have been addressed to some extent in historical reviews of the Kuangzhang Event,there exist some disagreement and doubts.Based on the two approaches of Confucian discipline,we may shed new light on the Kuangzhang Event and its underlying issues,and in this way the differences and doubts on the event can be eliminated.The gender dilemma can not only be primarily attributed to the guiding effect of the Confucian disciplinary order route,but also to the one-way obligation between father and son,which is exactly the deficiency of Confucian filial piety.