汉魏晋南北朝葬仪中“殊礼”的形成与变迁

The Making and Transformation of the Special Etiquette in Burial Ceremony of the Han-Wei-Jin and Southern and Northern Dynasties

从汉代开始,在极少数拥有特殊地位的贵臣或诸侯王死后,皇帝会赐以多种形式的"殊礼"。殊礼本身意味着超越了一般制度的礼遇,因此殊礼的标准并非依据既定的礼仪或法律,而是以"故事",即前代人物的事例为准。通过梳理史料,可以确定汉魏晋南北朝葬仪中所用殊礼主要包括有辒辌车、黄屋左纛、鸾辂、龙旂九旒、虎贲百人等车舆及仪仗。追根溯源,这些殊礼的下赐均源自西汉霍光以及东汉诸侯王的葬礼故事。经过西晋朝的整理与改造,上述葬礼中所用殊礼又为东晋南北朝所继承沿袭。

Since the Han dynasty, when a very few privileged ministers and princes died, emperors usually would grant them various special burials etiquettes which implied transcending general ceremony. The standards of this unusual ceremony did not derived from established rituals or laws, but from the precedent examples historical figures. Historical materials demonstrate that unusual ceremonies used from the Han dynasty to the Northern and Southern dynasties included emperor＇ s hearse, Huangwujiudao, Luanlu, Longqijiuliu, one hundred brave warriors and other ceremonies. Tracing back, all these unusual ceremonies originated in the standards of ofHuoGuang＇s burial in the Western Han, and burials of the princes in the Eastern Han. These special burial etiquettes were adopted and reformed in the Western Jin, continued to be used during the Eastern Jin and Northern and Southern dynasties.