生物发酵法改善菜粕品质的研究

Biological Fermentation to Improve the Quality of Rapeseed Meal

通过生物发酵的措施来改善菜粕的营养价值。采用枯草芽孢杆菌、地衣芽孢杆菌、植物乳杆菌、酿酒酵母、黑曲霉、芬氏纤维微菌以及从土壤中筛选的三株菌（命名为T-1、T-2、T-3）分别对菜粕进行单菌固态发酵，以降低硫苷、单宁、粗纤维和提高酸溶蛋白、蛋白质溶解度为目标筛选出高效菌株，将这些高效菌株以不同比例进行混合，获得最优组合并优化其发酵条件，将发酵菜粕替代基础饲粮中25％、50％、75％、100％的未发酵莱粕，通过肉鸡饲养试验验证发酵菜粕的使用效果。结果表明：1）单菌发酵以地衣芽孢杆菌、T-1、芬氏纤维微菌的效果最优，其中地衣芽孢杆菌能显著降低硫苷、单宁的含量（P〈0．05），T-1能显著提高酸溶蛋白和蛋白质溶解度（19〈0．05），芬氏纤维微菌能显著降低粗纤维的含量（P〈0．05）；2）混菌发酵以地衣芽孢杆菌、芬氏纤维微菌、T-1按1：2：2的比例混合时效果最优，在混合菌液总有效菌数为10^9CFU／mL、接种量为10％、料水比为1：0．6、发酵温度为37℃的条件下，发酵48h时，硫苷降解率达89．4％（P〈0．05），单宁降解率为28．6％（P〈0．05），粗纤维含量由10．0％降至8．6％（P〈0．05），酸溶蛋白提高了254．0％（P〈0．05），蛋白质溶解度提高了31．6％（P〈0．05）；3）使用发酵菜粕替代未发酵菜粕后，显著提高了肉鸡1～21日龄的平均日增重（P〈0．05），显著降低了肉鸡1～21日龄的料重比（P〈0．05）。通过生物发酵能有效降低菜粕中的抗营养因子，提高其营养价值，发酵菜粕能改善肉鸡生长性能。

The study was conducted to improve the nutritional value of the rapeseed meal by biological fermentation. Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus licheniformis, Lactobacillus plantarum, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Aspergillus niger, Cellulosimicrobium funkei strain and three strains （named as T-1, T-2, T-3） screened from soil were used to ferment rapeseed meal respectively. The strains which got low glucosinolate, tannic, crude fiber content and improved TCA , protein solubility in rapeseed meal after fermentation were selected and mixed in different proportions, to obtain the optimal combination and optimized fermentation conditions, The broilers were fed basal diets in which part of unfermented rapeseed meal were replaced by 25%,50%,75%,100% fermented rapeseed meal. The results showed that： 1）Single strain fermentation with Bacillus licheniformis, Cellulosimicrobium funkei strain and T-1 could get the best effects. Bacillus licheniformis could reduce glucosinolate, tannic contents significantly （P〈0.05）, T-1 could improve TCA and protein solubility （P 〈0.05）, Cellulosimicrobium funkei strain can reduce crude fiber significantly （P〈0.05）; 2） Mixed fermentation with Bacillus licheniformis, Cellulosimicrobium funkei strain and T-1 could get optimal effect by 1︰2︰2 ratio. Fermented rapeseed meal 48 h under 37 ℃ with effective bacteria of 109 CFU/mL, 10% inoculum size, feed water ratio in 1︰0.6, the degradation rate of glucosinolate could reach to 89.4% （P〈0.05）, tannic degradation rate of 28.6% （P〈0.05）, crude fiber decreased to 8.6% from 10.0% （P〈0.05）, TCA improved 254.0% （P〈0.05）, protein solubility improved 31.6% （P 〈0.05） ; 3） Fermented rapeseed meal significantly increased the average daily gain of 21-day-old broiler （P〈0.05） , and significantly reduced the feed conversion ratio （P〈0.05） . Biological fermentation can effectively reduce the anti-nutritional factors in rapeseed meal, and improve its nutritional value, fermented rapeseed meal can improve broiler performance.