宋代“团”制新论

A New Study of“Tuan”System in Song Dynasty

宋代作为县以下基层单位的"团"并非源于后周的"团并乡村"之制,而是始自北宋保甲法的配套措施"团教法"。北宋"团"的主要职责是军事训练,其首领多由都副保正兼任。南宋实行于部分地区的"保伍法"是团制的一次"回光返照",这时"团"不再与军事挂钩,而是以维护地方治安为务,同时"团"与其他基层单位相互渗透,在很多地方也兼及其他民政事务,其性质再一次发生变化。北宋中后期开始,"团"的性质发生变化,开始由指示户籍的单位逐渐转变为单纯指示地域的单位,体现了不断地域化的趋势。宋代"团"的发展演变过程,从一定程度上反映了宋代县以下基层区划普遍性的特点。

＂Tuan＂, as a grass-roots unit in Song Dynasty, was not originated in ＂Tuan Annexed Village＂ in the Later Zhou Dynasty, but from ＂Tuanjiao Law＂ , a supporting measure of ＂Baojia Law＂ in Northern Song Dynasty. The main duty of ＂Tuan＂ at that time was doing military training, and mostly led by＂ Du fu baozheng＂, the vice guarantee of ＂Bao＂. ＂Baowu law＂ in some areas in Southern Song Dynasty was the last presence of the system of ＂Tuan＂, but its main duty then changed from having military training to maintaining local public order and doing civil administration. The nature of ＂Tuan＂ started to change in the middle and later period of Northern Song Dynasty： from a unit of household registration to a unit of geographical area, reflecting the trend of continuous regionalization. The development and evolution process of ＂Tuan＂ in Song Dynasty, to some extent, can show some of the common characteristics of the grass-roots units under County.