工作贫困:现状、成因及政府劳动力市场政策的作用——来自欧盟的经验

Role of Status, Causes and Labor Market Policies in Working Poverty: EU Experiences

工作贫困是就业者收入不足使家庭脱贫的现象。通过对"欧盟收入与生活条件统计"(EU-SILC)数据的分析看出,工资低、收入不稳定和家庭就业不充足是工作贫困的主要原因。荷兰是值得关注的特例。"灵活度—保障度"分布图显示,自1990年代以来,欧盟劳动力市场的市场灵活度提升但保障度下降,临时合同就业者的工作贫困风险加大。对比丹麦和荷兰的"灵活保障"政策发现,荷兰的"灵活就业正规化"模式在应对外围就业者工作贫困方面更具优势。本文估算中国城镇大约有3300万工作贫困者,占城镇就业者的8.4%。建议借鉴荷兰经验,在促进灵活就业的同时加强对外围就业者的收入保障。

Working poverty refers to working people unable to lift their families out of poverty.Analysis of EU-SILC data shows that the main causes of working poverty include low wages,unstable income,and inadequate employment.The case of the Netherlands can serve as a valuable empirical reference.The Security-Flexibility map shows that since the 1990 s,EU labor market flexibility has enhanced while security receded,which has resulted in higher risk of working poverty among temporary contract workers.By comparing the 'Flexicurity' policies of the Netherlands and Denmark,one can find that the Netherland's policy,which features 'normalization of atypical work',were more favorable to peripheral workers.This article estimates that China has more than 33 million poor workers in urban area,accounting for 8.4percent of total urban employment.It is suggested that China should learn from the Netherlands and reinforce income maintenance for peripheral workers while promoting flexible employment.