延安经验:从“妇女主义”到“家庭统一战线”--兼论“革命中国”妇女解放理论的生成问题

"Yan'An Experiences":From "Feminism" to "United Family Front":Rise of a Theory of Women's Liberation in "Revolutionary China"

作为中国共产党领导妇女解放运动相对成熟的模式,20世纪40年代以延安为中心的抗日根据地的妇女解放实践所形成的经验值得重视。本文以抗战背景下延安地区面临的大量婚姻家庭问题为主要讨论对象,以文学文本与历史实践互动解读的方式,分析了来自于不同的性别群体、乡村社会以及政党政治的不同诉求所构成的权力动态博弈如何共同参与了婚姻家庭纠纷的解决并由此建构了不同的妇女解放方案。而以"既联合又斗争"的"家庭统一战线"为旨归的妇女解放方案的最终形成,突破了以"个体"为本位介入妇女问题的所可能出现的孤立化、片面化的局限,通过利用"妇女参加生产"这一中介,形成家庭内外两种力量的互动,在性别协商中兼顾了各方利益,探索了更为平等的家庭结构的重构。因此,延安时期对于婚姻家庭问题的有效处理,在理论和实践两个层面验证了"革命中国"在阶级革命框架中推进妇女解放特别是底层妇女解放的可行性。

The experience of women＇s movement in the base areas of the Communist forces centred on Yan＇An during the war against Japanese invaders is worth considering as a model of women＇s liberation under the leadership of the Chinese Communist Party. This paper conducts literature review and content analysis to identify numerous marriage issues at the time arising fi：om the power struggles among different social groups that were from a rural origin and pursued party politics. While these groups participated in resolving marriage conflicts, they experimented with different ways for women to seek liberation. Ultimately, they arrived at the principle of ＂harmony and struggle＂ in a ＂united family front＂ to guide women＇s liberation, treating women not as isolated individuals so as to overcome the limitations of treating women as being one-sided. Through women＇s participation in production, women and men negotiated to balance different interests of forces in and outside of households and to reconstruct more equitable family structures. Thus, the resolution of marriage issues during the Yan＇An era demonstrates that class-based revolution offered a probable pathway, in both theory and practice, for the liberation of women, especially women at the bottom of society, in Revolutionary China.