辛亥前后的“洪门民族主义”论说

A Study of “Hongmen Nationalism”Before and After the 1911 Revolution

民族主义既非洪门自身所固有,亦非纯由外部植入,而是清末激进知识人和革命派出于排满这一目标进行发掘和重新解释的结果,其中又汇入了19世纪以来西方人研究天地会的成果。"反清复明"这一形式化的洪门自我表述,经由激进知识人和革命者使用"种""族""类""种族""民族""民族主义"等抽象概念范畴进行历史化、理论化处理,被提升为基于狭隘的民族概念、带有鲜明种族认同色彩的民族主义,且被视为洪门的真实历史和固有传统,由此形成"洪门民族主义"这一特殊话语。此过程在提升洪门形象的同时,也遮蔽了洪门的某些真实面貌。民初以后革命派试图转向一种基于国家认同的宽泛的民族概念和民族主义,但他们沿用"洪门民族主义"跟会党切割,结果反而促进了"洪门民族主义"的传播。民族主义话语当中宽、狭两种民族概念仍然彼此纠缠,甚至相互混淆。

Nationalism was neither intrinsic to Hongmen( also known as Tiandihui,or the 'Heaven and Earth Society') nor purely imported from the outside. Rather,it was the result of exploration and rediscovery in the late Qing period by anti-Manchu radical intellectuals and revolutionaries. In addition,it integrated the achievements of Westerners' research into Tiandihui since the 19^(th) century. After radical intellectuals and revolutionaries historicized and theorized abstract conceptual categories such as 'kind,''clan,''category,''race,''nation,'and 'nationalism,'the society's formalized self-description of 'overthrowing the Qing Dynasty and reviving the Ming Dynasty'was elevated to a nationalism rooted in a narrow conceptualization of nationality with a distinct flavor of racial identity. This self-description was regarded as authentic history and a tradition intrinsic to Tiandihui,thereby forming the special discourse of 'Tiandihui Nationalism. 'This process improved the image of Tiandihui,but it also obscured some of its true features. After the establishment of the Republic of China,revolutionaries tried to shift to broader conceptions the nation and nationalism rooted in national identity,but they still used 'Tiandihui Nationalism'to cut ties with secret societies,thereby actually promoting its further spread. The expansive and narrow conceptions of'nation'in the discourse of nationalism are still tangled together,or even confused for each other.