“社会”概念:马克思与吉登斯的比较——以《资本论》及其手稿为语境

The Concept of “Society”:A Comparison between Marx and Giddens in the Context of Das Kapital and the Manuscript

正确理解"社会"概念,无疑是正确认识和理解马克思思想中的个人与社会的关系、社会主义理论乃至整个唯物史观的重要前提。国内学界围绕"社会"概念进行了一系列理论探索。吉登斯在评述传统社会观的基础上对此问题进行求解,提出"社会"概念的四因素说。对此,文章从经济哲学视角出发指出"社会"概念的本质规定是经济—生产关系;吉登斯所谓的社会空间、"所有权"、"制度丛结"和社会认同这四个因素都只是"社会"概念的外在影响因素。两种"社会"概念之间的差异源于分析"社会"的方法论的差异。就方法论而言,既不能把不同层次的社会规定混为一谈,更不能用具体层次的社会规定去排斥甚至取代本质抽象层面的社会规定。就理论与实践意义而言,"社会"概念的廓清不仅有利于辩证地审视现代社会,合理地批判资本主义社会,同时还有利于思考未来社会发展的方向。

The correct understanding of the concept of ＂society＂ is an important prerequisite for the correct recognition and understanding of the relationship between individuals and the society in Marx thought, Marx＇s theory of socialism and even the whole historical materialism. Domestic scholars have conducted a series of theoretical exploration focusing on the concept of ＂society＂. Based on the assessment of traditional social view on this problem, Giddens tried to solve this problem and put forward the four-factor view. For this, from the economics- philosophy perspective, this paper points out that the concept of ＂society＂ is economic- production relations in essence; Giddens＇ s so-called social space, ownership, system clustering and social identity are only external factors influencing the concept of ＂society＂. The differences in these two concepts of ＂society＂ stem from the difference of the methodology of viewing the ＂society＂. As for methodology, it neither confuses social provisions at different levels nor uses social provisions at specific levels to exclude or even replace social requirements at essentially abstract level. As for the theoretical and practical significance, the expurgation of the concept of ＂society＂ not only helps people to dialectically examine modern society and rationally critique capitalist society, but also is beneficial to thinking about future development direction of the society.