消费者权益保护法范式转化的经济学解释

Economic Explanation of Paradigm Transformation of Consumer Protection Law

现代消费者权益保护法的内容是由私法和经济法两种不同的制度范式构成的。这两种制度范式的不同主要体现在三个方面:一是消费者权益保护法保护什么?对此,民法范式认为其保护的是体现于具体受害消费者的私人物品上的私人利益,而经济法范式则认为其保护的是体现于消费品交易秩序上的公共利益。二是消费者权益保护法以何保护?对此,民法范式保护客体的属性决定了权利是保护消费者利益的最佳工具,而经济法范式保护客体的属性决定了社会责任是保护消费者利益的最佳工具。三是消费者权益保护法如何保护?对此,民法范式是以私人主导的事后责任规则,主要是依私人为获得救济而提起诉讼为主导来实现保护;而经济法范式则是公共执法为主导的以事前规制规则,主要是执法机关为防止损害发生而制定规则予以规导及执法,同时辅以公益诉讼来实现。文章以我国修订后的"消法",以及最高人民法院有关审理消费者纠纷案件的两则司法解释为样本,采用经济分析方法,对两种"消法"保护范式保护的法益、保护方式以及实现方式进行比较,对理解或解释"消法"的经济法范式予以阐释,以期对"消法"未来的完善以及对当下新制度的恰切解释提供理论支撑。

The content of modern consumer protection law consists of private law and economic law as two different institutional paradigms. The differences in these two different institutional paradigms are mainly embodied in three aspects. The first is what the consumer protection law protects. In this regard, civil law paradigm thinks what it protects is the private interests embodied in private goods of consumers as specific victims. However, economic law paradigm argues that what it protects is the public interests reflected in trading order for goods. The second is by what the consumer protection law protects. Withal, in civil law paradigm, the attributes of protecting the objects determine the right as the best tool to protect the interests of consumers. But in economic law paradigm, the attribute of protecting the objects determines social responsibilities as the best tool to protect consumer interests. The third is how to protect in the consumer protection law. In this regard, civil law paradigm is based on afterwards liability rules dominated by the private, and realizes the protection mainly in accordance with the lawsuit prosecuted by individuals to obtain the relief. But economic law paradigm is based on the ex-ante regulation rules dominated by public law enforcement and realizes the protection mainly in accordance with rules formulated by the law enforcement agencies to prevent damages and accompanied by public interest litigation. Based on the sample of revised consumer protection law and two pieces of judicial interpretation issued by the Supreme People＇ s Court and used to hear consumer dispute cases, this paper employs economic analytical methods to compare legal interests protected, protection modes, and achievement ways of these two protection paradigms, and elaborates the economics paradigms of understanding or explaining consumer protection law, to perfect the consumer protection law in the future and provide rational support for proper explanation of current new institutions.