“外来者”的忧虑:对董时进乡村建设策略的反思

Worries of the ‘Outsiders' : Reflecting on Dong Shijin's Tactics on Rural Construction

董时进是民国时期乡村建设学派的一员,他对当时乡村建设的关怀,主要集中在如何"治贫"和如何"治愚"上。他的看法在当时具有一定的典型性,是一种与旧有社会运行逻辑完全不同的新路径。这一路径以发展合作社为重要手段,但消泯了传统乡村生产中宗族和家庭的地位,遭遇到乡村地区浓厚的"乡土"性特征的"民情"的抵抗;而以董时进为代表的知识分子在当时社会结构中的游离地位,使其无法真正贯彻其建设策略,反而令新式知识分子、乡土精英和虚弱的国家政权三者呈现出暧昧纠缠的复杂关系。外来的建设路径和作为"外来者"的知识分子,在没有强力的国家政权的保障下,最终使乡村建设运动陷入了困境。当时的乡村问题,在当下的中国乡村依然存续着,这正是董时进等人观点的合理性之所在;而传统伦理对现代性困境的补益之可能,也许更加凸显出涵养"新礼俗"、"新民情"的重要性。

As a member of the rural construction school,Dong Shijin had an ambition of eliminating poverty and ignorance. Dong's view was typical in those days representing a path logically different from that of the old days. This path takes cooperation as an important method even though it perishes the importance of patriarchal clans and families in the production process in traditional society,and thus encounters the resistance of more,with stronger rural portraits in rural areas. Because the intellectuals,as Dong,occupied no significant positions at that time,the method never worked. On the contrary,new intellects,rural gentries and state power began to enter a complicated and ambiguous relation. Without the guarantee of national power,it is hard for the intellectuals,as outsiders,to execute the external constructing methods and sustain the rural construction. The problems in rural areas during that time still exist today,which makes Dong`s thoughts reasonable.