游幕:文人政治参与和清代官僚系统

Private Advisors: The Intellectuals' Participation in Politics and Bureaucratic System in Qing Dynasty

在讨论中国的现代转向时,满清的文人阶层如何参与政治以及如何提高官僚机构的专业化行政能力应该得到关注。本文从满清的文人游幕为切入点,讨论满清中后期文人的政治参与过程以及政治参与方式。游幕作为文人的政治参与方式,培育了清代专业化行政的力量。尽管经历多次尝试,但面临着财政能力约束的清王朝未能将官僚机构现代化转型。文人由依附君主逐渐转向依附幕主。地方官僚集团则借助幕友的专业化行政能力,逐渐壮大自身势力,形成对中央皇权的挑战。

There should be more attention on the question how the intellectuals had participated in politics and the improvement of the capability of the bureaucracy in Qing dynasty,in view of the modernization of Chinese state. This article describes private advisors as a form for the intellectuals' participation in politics in the late Qing dynasty. The author thinks private advisor a way for the intellectuals to participate in politics and argues that it helped a lot in cultivating the administrating capability of the Qing government. Nevertheless,all these efforts of administrating ability building failed in modernizing the bureaucratic system of Qing government or well controlling the local governments. On the contrary,the local governments grew fast with improved administrating ability through hiring private advisors,which resulted in challenging the central authority of the empire.