扎兰屯成吉思汗机场鸟类多样性与鸟击防范

Bird diversity and bird strike risk at Zhalantun Genghis Khan Airport

机场及其周边鸟类种类调查及其多样性研究对于新建机场开展鸟击防范工作具有重要意义。2015年1—12月,采用样线法和固定半径样点法对内蒙古扎兰屯成吉思汗机场及其周边8 km范围内的区域进行鸟类多样性调查。调查期间记录到鸟类82种,隶属于15目31科。根据对鸟类的群落结构分析:机场围界内春季的鸟类多样性指数(0.740)和均匀度指数(0.819)最高;冬季的优势度(0.683)最高;夏季的平均密度(2.83 ind·hm-2)最高。机场围界外:夏季湿地的多样性指数最高,为1.576;冬季的草地均匀度指数最高,为0.902;冬季的居民区优势度最高,为2.113;春季的湿地平均密度最高,为28.60 ind·hm-2。本文综合鸟类的体积、数量、出现次数、飞行高度、与机场的距离、出现的样带数以及是否集群7个因子对鸟类的危险值重新赋值并计算得出危险值,严重危险鸟类有普通鸬鹚(Phalacrocorax carbo)、麻雀(Passer montanus)、赤麻鸭(Tadorna ferruginea)等14种。根据调查结果提出不同季节、不同区域以及不同鸟种的针对性防范意见以及机场管理对策,为今后扎兰屯机场鸟击防范工作提供科学依据。

The investigation of bird diversity at and around the airport is important to carry out bird strike prevention for the newly built airport. Using line transect method and a fixed radius point count method, we investigated the bird diversity in the region of Genghis Khan Airport of Zhalantun and its surrounding area （with a radius of 8 kin） in Inner Mongolia from January to December 2015. According to the survey, 82 bird species were recorded, belonging to 31 families and 15 orders. The analysis of bird community structure showed that the highest bird diversity index （0.740） and evenness index （0.819） were found in spring within the airport boundary, the highest dominance indexes （0.683） in winter and the highest average density （2.83 ind ~ hm-2） in summer. For the area outside the boundary, the diversity index （1.576） and the aver- age density （28.60 ind ~ hm-2 ） were both highest in summer of the wetland, the evenness index （0.902） was highest in winter of the grassland, and the dominance index （ 2.113 ） was highest in winter of residential area. We reassigned the risk value of bird species, and integrated 7 factors to calculate the hazard index based on the previous studies, including the volume and quantity of birds, the number of occurrences, flight height, the distance from the airport, the number of transect occurrence and clustering. The results indicated that there were 14 serious threat species, such as Common Cormorant （Phalacrocorax carbo）, Tree Sparrow （Passer montanus）, Ruddy Shelduck （Tadorna ferrugirtea） and so on. Accordingly, we proposed advices and control mea- sures for avoiding bird strikes of different seasons, areas and species, which provided scientific basis for future bird strike prevention at Zhalantun Genghis Khan Airport.