道教“血湖地狱”罪魂身份的演变论析

On Evolution of Guilty Soul Identity of “Blood Lake Hell” in Taoism

"血湖地狱"是道教的重要观念,而济度其中"罪魂"则是诸多道教科仪的核心。然而,血湖地狱中的罪魂之身份,在历史上并非一成不变,而是依次出现了"不分男女""产死妇女"和"一切妇女"三种观念。这几种观念的演变,是伴随着道教女性观念的变化而发生的,其原因正是中国传统社会中主流认识对宗教观念的影响和塑造,以及传统宗教、民间宗教和社会需求三方面的博弈。

The Blood Lake Hell is an important concept in Taoism,and many Taoist rituals try to save the guilty souls in this hell. However,the identity of those ghosts changed three times in the history,from'irrespective of sex'to'female died from giving birth'and to'all females'. The evolution happened with the change of the female view in Taoism. The reason of the evolution was the interaction among traditional religion,folk religion and social needs.