“梁氏宪草”对西方宪法理论的引进与改造

On Introducing and Localizing of Western Constitutional Theories in Liang Qichao's Private Draft Constitution

宪法作为国家的根本大法,不仅应当是审慎制定的良善之法,更不可朝令夕改。1913年,梁启超以《进步党拟中华民国宪法草案》作为进步党参与立宪的政治主张。缘何梁氏在宪法草案中放弃君主立宪制而采纳民主共和制,由对美国联邦制之偏好转向了单一制国家结构,不采用责任内阁制而提倡总统制?这当中体现了立宪中各派政治角力相互妥协、国家权力相互制衡的过程。也启发了当今开展法治建设不可仅移植国外法律,吸收国外法治思想,更为必要的是须建立起超越政治与党派权力的宪法权威,实现对宪法理念的本土化改造。

As the fundamental law of the country, law enacted with great deliberation, which must not be the Constitution functions should not only function as a good constantly changing. In 1913, Liang Qichao put forwarded the private draft Constitution of the Republic of China, to set forth political view of the Progressive Party. Liang Qichao abandoned constitutional monarchy, turned to democratic republic, and preferred the unitary system to the federalism practiced in US, and chose presidential system rather than responsibility cabinet. It indicates the com- promise among the political powers and the checks and balances of the state power. The constitutional history of draft constitutions shows that the current legal construction may not only be based on the transplantation of the for- eign law, that the foreign legal thoughts should be absorbed, that the constitutional authority should be established which will surpass the parties and the party power, so as to realize the localization of the constitutional concept suit- able for its implementation in China.