比较法视野下侵权行为的获利返还——以英国法中“放弃侵权之诉”的发展为线索

Researches on the Benefit Restitution in the Torts from the Perspective of Comparative Law:Taking the“Waiver of Tort”in British Law as the Developing Clue

在英国法严格诉讼形式背景之下,为了在侵权诉讼中变通适用准契约性质的诉讼,要求侵权人返还因侵权行为而获得的不正当利益,拟制出支付的承诺,而认可侵权行为的合法性,被称为"放弃侵权之诉";伴随诉讼格式的废除,诉因与救济方式的对应模式被打破,返还侵权行为获利也逐渐发展成为针对获利型侵权行为普遍适用的一种救济方式。侵权行为的获利返还救济将不当得利应予返还的基本观点引入到侵权损害赔偿的体系之中,是对侵权损害赔偿的补偿功能的一种有效扩展。从比较法的角度分析,我国《侵权责任法》第20条在涉及人身权益的损害时首次认可了侵权行为获利返还的救济方式,但对其功能属性及法律适用方面还缺乏必要的立法说明。为此,对英国法侵权行为获利返还这一传统做法进行比较法上的梳理,以期能为我国《侵权责任法》第20条相关问题的探讨提供些许启示和参考。

Under the background of strict law procedure,the action in order to be suitable with quasi-contract to make the tortfeasor to give back unjust enrichment gained by tort,making a fiction of promise to recognize the of tort,is called as＂waiver of tort＂.With the abolition of procedural form,the corresponding mode of action and relief was broken,and the benefit restitution has gradually developed as a general remedy for benefitgained torts.The remedy of benefit restitution introduces the basic view that unjust enrichment should be restituted into the tort damages system,which is an effective extension of compensation function for tort damage.From the view of comparative law,the twentieth article of China＇s tort law which is relates to the damage to personal interests,has firstly recognized the remedy of benefits restitution,although it lacks of necessary legislation on its functional attribute and application.Therefore,making an analysis on the traditional practice of benefit restitution for tort can provide a bit of inspiration and reference for the related problems existed in twenties article of China＇s Tort Law.