政策、区位与张家口的兴衰变迁(1429-1929)

Policies,Geographical Locations and the Vicissitudes of Zhangjiakou(1429-1929)

明清时期的张家口是中国北方最重要的贸易城市与金融中心之一。明朝在隆庆年间改变了对蒙政策,张家口被确定为明蒙互市之地,开始了张家口由军事城堡向商业城市的转变。清代张家口因为优良的区位条件成为对蒙及对俄贸易最重要的转运枢纽。但是随着工业革命的展开,铁路逐渐取代了传统的马车与骆驼的运输方式,中东铁路与西伯利亚铁路的修建完全改变了中俄贸易路线,张家口因未能抓住历史机遇而走向衰落。

Zhangjiakou was one of the most important trade cities and financial centers in north China during the Ming and Qing Dynasties. The Ming Dynasty changed its policies to Mongolia and Zhangjiakou was made a trade center on the border of Ming and Mongolia,which started Zhangjiakou to change from a military town to a commercial city. In the Qing Dynasty,because of its excellent geographical conditions, Zhangjiakou became the transportation hub of trade with Mongolian tribes and Russia. With the industrial revolution,railway gradually replaces the traditional transportation means of the carriage and camel. The construction of the Middle East and Siberian railways completely changed the trade route between China and Russia. However,in this process,Zhangjiakou declined because it failed to seize the historic opportunity.