行动语义、客体背景和判断任务对客体动作承载性的影响

The effect of action semantics, context and judgment task on object affordance

客体动作承载性指人们知觉客体时同时激活的针对客体的行动。当Gibson最初提出动作承载性概念时,他认为客体的这种属性是可以自动激活的。然而近年来越来越多的证据显示,在知觉和行动的关系中,行动语义知识和客体所处背景对客体动作承载性具有调节作用,表现在人们可以根据这些自上而下的信息选择针对客体的适当的行动。此外,不同的判断任务在引发客体动作承载性效应上具有特异性,表现在若判断任务仅需知觉客体表层属性时,不能激活对客体的动作,进而不能产生客体动作承载性;若判断任务需要对客体进行深层加工时,才会激活对客体的动作。未来研究还需要进一步探究行动语义知识和客体所处背景影响客体动作承载性发生的原因和机制,以及不同判断任务中出现结果特异性的原因。

Object affordance refers to the phenomenon that the visual presentation of object can activate action it afforded. Gibson postulate that humans could directly detect action possibilities （affordances） from the physical properties of objects in the environment in an automatic fashion. However, a growing body of evidence has suggested that object affordance could be modulated by action semantic knowledge and context. That is, individuals can select appropriate action towards the object in terms of the top-down processes. In addition, there is specificity in different judgment tasks for object affordance studies. Only judgment tasks containing deep processing of an object rather than demanding discrimination of the surface properties of the object can evoke action object afforded, demonstrating that the motor activity is task-dependent and is not fully automatically evoked by viewing object. Further study needs to explore the role of action sematic knowledge and context in the mechanism underlying object affordance and the reasons that caused the specificity in different judgment tasks.