网球发球认知辅助训练的“干预-水平匹配”效应

Intervention-Competitive Level Matching Effects of Cognitive Training in Tennis Serve

以认知干预为代表的心理技能训练被广泛用于运动员技能的改善,其中表象训练和自我谈话对运动操作表现的改善获得大量的研究支持,但在不同水平的运动员中的适用情况存在争议。本研究旨在考察能否通过认知干预来加以改善不同水平网球选手的发球准确性。研究对象为国家网球青年集训队男运动员(n=24)与网球专项大学生男运动员(n=24)。研究采用3×2组间设计。实验组在两周间进行6次发球表象训练或自我谈话训练,对照组观看体能训练录像。因变量为一发击中目标区域的准确度改善率,协变量为身高。结果显示,对高水平选手而言,表象训练与自我谈话对一发准确性均有改善效果,表象训练效果更优;对大学生运动员而言,只有自我谈话能改善一发准确性而表象训练无显著效果,但自我谈话对大学生运动员一发准确性的改善效果比优秀运动员更明显。本研究总体支持了认知干预的有效性,同时提出针对专项需求和训练目的将心理训练方法与运动水平进行匹配是确保心理训练有效的重要前提。

Mental skill training, represented by cognitive interventions, is widely used in athletic skill training. Among them, representation training and self - talk are effective in improving athletes＇ performance, and it is supported by many research findings. However, whether they are equally useful for athletes of different levels is still in question. The current study aims to test the effects of cognitive intervention in improving tennis serve accuracy. Male players from both the national youth volleyball team（n = 24） and a college volleyball team partici- pated in the test. 3 ×2 between group design was used. The experimental group received 6 sessions of representation training of serve or self - talk training of serve in 2 weeks while the control group watched physical training videos at the same time. Accuracy of first serve was adopted as the independent variant and height the covariate. Results show that： for elite players, both representation training and self- talk can improve their accuracy of first serve and representation training is more effective; for college players, only self - talk is effective and representation training presents no significant effect. The effect of self - talk on improving accuracy of first serve is more significant for college players than for elite players. The study supports that cognitive intervention is effective and proposes that the matching of mental skill training method and competitive level is an important precondition to ensure the effect of mental training program.