作物诱变育种研究进展

Progress of Study on Crop Mutation Breeding

作物新品种的培育能保持粮食稳产增收,利用自然和诱变获得遗传变异是作物育种的基础。随着栽培作物基因库的日益贫乏,诱变育种技术已成为目前种质资源创新和挖掘新基因的一个重要途径。本文综述了植物诱变育种的发展简史,物理诱变、化学诱变的主要类型、特点、异同及其在农业育种上的应用。由于诱变育种存在的主要问题是有益突变频率仍然较低,变异的方向和性质尚难控制,因此提高诱变效率,迅速鉴定和筛选突变体以及探索定向诱变的途径,是今后研究的重要课题。

Exploitation of natural and induced genetic diversity is the basic requirement of plant breeding in developing plant varieties for sustainable food production.With the shortage of crop cultivated gene pool,mutation breeding technol-ogy has become an important way for the germplasm innovation and digging new genes.This paper reviews the develop-ment history of plant mutation breeding,the main characteristics,similarities and differences of physical mutagenesis and chemical mutagenesis,as well as its application in agriculture breeding.Since the main problem of mutation breed-ing is still lower beneficial mutation frequency,the direction and nature of the mutation is hard to control,Thus,increas-ing the efficiency of mutagenesis,rapid identification and screening of mutants as well as to explore ways for directed mu-tagenesis is an important future perspective for research subject.