基于生态位宽度模型的区域多功能评价及演变分析——以北京市为例

Analysis of regional multifunction evaluation and evolution based on niche breadth model——Taking Beijing as an example

基于生态位理论,构建多功能生态位宽度模型和评价指标体系,选择2005年、2009年、2013年三个时间点和对北京市发展中起重要作用的6类功能进行评价,并分析其演变特征。结果表明：（1）2013年,农产品生产和生态服务功能呈现出内城区水平低、远郊区水平高、空间集聚程度高、分布集中的特点;远郊区的旅游休闲、文化教育和产业发展功能水平远低于内城区和近郊区;近郊区和远郊平原区的人居服务功能最强,内城区次之,远郊山区最弱。（2）2005年~2013年间,农产品生产和产业发展功能先增加后减少,总体水平增长;旅游休闲和人居服务功能持续增加;文化教育和生态服务功能水平持续下降。旅游休闲、人居服务、产业发展和生态服务功能的等级变化幅度不大;农产品生产功能等级两极化趋势明显;文化教育功能等级逐渐向中间等级集中。（3）功能的演变通常伴随着政策的实施,具有一定的惰性和滞后性。远郊平原区功能日趋多样,大量的农用地被占用,因此农产品生产受到一定的限制。人口老龄化加速,入学人数减少,教育设施相应整合,导致文化教育功能逐年减弱。核心区房价的提升、住房的饱和,导致远郊平原区成为吸纳人口的新城。工业企业的搬迁调整、工业发展的延后性造成产业发展功能的区域差异巨大,但产业发展外扩依旧是今后发展的趋势。生态服务功能只能在远郊区形成,且需要依靠政府调控。

Based on the niche theory, multi-functional niche breadth model and evaluation index system is constructed in 2005, 2009, and 2013 in Beijing. Six functional evaluations are performed. The evaluation and evolution of multifunction are analyzed according to the ecological niche breadth value and its rank.The results showed as follows：（1） In 2013, the agricultural production and ecological functions of the inner-city is characterized by a low level of functionality; there is a high level of functionality in the outer suburbs.The degree of spatial agglomeration is high, and the distribution is relatively concentrated. The functional level of tourism and leisure and industrial development functions of the outer suburb district is far below that of the inner city and peri-urban areas. The characteristics of the habitat services function is unique and manifests the strongest for peri-urban and suburban plain areas; the inner-city function is second, and the suburban mountainous areas are the weakest.（2） From 2005 to 2013, the overall level of the agricultural production and industrial development functions＇ growth increased after first decreasing; the level of the tourism and leisure and the habitat services functions continue to increase. The level of the culture and education and ecological services functions continue to decline. The grade variation amplitude of the tourism and leisure, the habitat services, industrial development, and ecological services functions is minimal; the agricultural production function grade polarization trend is clear. The cultural and education function gradually change to the intermediate grade of concentration.（3）The evolution of the function is usually accompanied with the implementation of the government policy, and it has a certain inertia and hysteresis. The function development of suburban plain areas become increasingly diverse, a large number of agricultural land is occupied, so the agricultural development is restricted. The acceleration of population aging, the reduction of enrollment, the corresponding integration of educational facilities, leading to the weakening of cultural and educational functions gradually. The saturation of housing in the core area, resulting in ease suburban plain area into the core area of the population to absorb the population of Metro. The level of industrial development is vastly different, mainly due to the relocation adjustment of industrial enterprises, as well as the delay caused by the industrial development, and the expansion of industrial function is still the trend of future development. Ecosystem services can only be formed in the outer suburbs,and the need to rely on the role of government regulation.