拒斥·卫道·好辩——论孟子对先秦诸子的学术批评

Mencius'Academic Criticism of Pre-Qin Scholars

孟子对先秦诸子批评的对象主要是道家杨朱学派和墨家的"兼爱"、"节葬"、"非命"等观点,而其批评的锋芒还涉及纵横家、农家、法家、阴阳家、杂家、小说家以及所谓"兵家"。孟子对于道家杨朱学派的批评虽抓住了杨朱思想中最重要的主张,且切中了其可能产生的流弊,但未能"同情"地理解杨朱学说的立论目的和宗旨,存在强人从己的偏颇。孟子对墨家"兼爱"、"节葬"、"非命"等观点的批评,既可见出其儒家思想与墨家的歧异和对立,也反映出其明显的独断论倾向。而孟子对纵横家、农家、法家、阴阳家、杂家、小说家以及"兵家"的批评,也并非对它们进行全面的分析评判,而多是抓住一点,不及其他。孟子先秦诸子批评的特点,既与其以儒家卫道士自居的立场有关,同时也是当时学术发展的现实情形使然。

Mencius assesses Pre-Qin Scholars by choosing to focus on the YANG Zhu School of the Taoists and the ideas of＂universal love＂,＂frugal funeral＂and＂ajiva＂（disobeying attitude to fortune）of Mohists;at the same time he also concerns other schools.Mencius＇s criticism of the YANG Zhu School captured the most important points,but has its own drawbacks：it failed to understand with ＂sympathy＂the argumentative goal and purpose.His appraisal of the other schools is much biased,usually by emphasizing one point and ignoring others.This characteristic is associated not only with Mencius＇apologist stance of Confucianism but with the then academic development reality as well.