拜占廷立法中土地“优先权”解读——以马其顿王朝立法为例

On the Preemption of the Land Legislations of the Macedonian Dynasty

在拜占廷帝国马其顿王朝鼎盛时期的10世纪,多位皇帝立法保护小农土地"优先权"。立法强调的小农土地"优先权"涉及农民对祖居地田产的所有、占有、使用、经营、收益、处置、交易、收回等多方面权利。虽然这些皇帝立法的动机包括经济、政治、社会、宗教等多种因素,但其继承古代立法传统,认可小农土地所有权,并维护弱势群体抗衡权贵阶层兼并土地的主旨非常明确,且深刻地反映出古代地中海法律的"契约"精神。

Several emperors of Macedonian Dynasty,which is the so-called 'golden ages' in the Byzantine history,promulgated the fourteen land legislations about the preemption of smallholders,or petty farmers in the land trades.The legislations protected farmers and poor peasants from the merger and acquisition of lands by the powerful landlords,emphasizing the preemption of poor farmers in possessing,occupying,using,management,cultivating,incoming,trading,and so on.The land legislations contained important purpose of restricting the powerful landlords from developing in the farming land,with multiple motivations including economic,political,social,religious elements.The protection of poor peasants in these legislations shows strongly the traditional contractual mind from the ancient Mediterranean world,which needs us to do more research.