马克思晚年人类学笔记中的国家理论——基于《梅恩〈古代法制史讲演录〉一书摘要》的研究

State Theory in Marx's Late Notes on Anthropology——Studies Based on the Excerpt from H.S.Maine's Lectures on the Early History of Institutions

马克思的人类学笔记中关于梅恩《古代法制史讲演录》的摘录集中表述了他晚年的国家理论。马克思摘录了梅恩对近代国家理论尤其是法律实证主义主权理论的分析,同时对梅恩的历史法学进行了批判。马克思认为,从实证角度来看,国家的起源和生成过程大致是"氏族→共同体→家庭→国家";从意识形态角度来看,国家是建立在私有制基础上统治阶级进行统治的工具。

State is a theme focused on by Marx.He restates his theory of state in his notes on anthropology from H.S.Maine's Lectures on the Early History of Institutions.Marx both analyses Maine's statements on modern theories of law and state,especially legal positivism,and criticizes his historical jurisprudence and theory of state.In Marx's opinion,the origin and process of becoming of state is not a process of family→clan→community→state but clan→community→family→state from the perspective of positivism on the one hand;but on the other hand,state is a tool controlled by ruling class founded on the private property from the perspective of ideology.