青少年男子体操运动员主要关节的等速肌力特征

Isokinetic muscle strength characteristics of the main joints in juvenile male gymnasts

背景:青少年体操动作技术训练越来越趋于科学化、系统化。利用科学的诊断方法来确定运动员的关节肌肉力量特征并针对性地实施训练方案,目前已成为青少年体操动作技术训练的主流趋势。目的:探索青少年男子体操运动员躯干、髋和膝关节的等速肌力特征。方法:以现役辽宁省16名青少年男子体操运动员为研究对象,运用ISOMED2000等速肌力测试系统对运动员的躯干环节进行30,60,180(°)/s的等速肌力测试,并对髋、膝关节进行60,180,300(°)/s的等速肌力测试。结果与结论:(1)躯干环节30,60,180(°)/s的屈伸肌比值分别为91.36±1.25,87.77±3.74,78.20±4.70,呈逐渐减小趋势;(2)髋关节60,180,300(°)/s左侧的屈伸肌比值分别为65.55±4.38,66.92±3.22,68.18±2.82,呈逐渐增大趋势;右侧分别为57.40±4.43,65.73±1.07,64.15±5.55,呈先增大后减小趋势;另外,在60(°)/s下左侧屈肌肌力显著高于右侧,而右侧伸肌肌力显著高于左侧(P<0.05);(3)膝关节60,180,300(°)/s下左侧的屈伸肌比值分别为50.88±4.98,54.75±4.51,58.80±7.93;右侧分别为51.55±4.30,55.20±5.08,58.43±5.93,均呈逐渐增大趋势;3个速度下左右侧屈伸肌群肌力差异均无显著性意义(P>0.05);(4)结果提示,腰背环节快速力量特别是屈肌存在严重不足,伸肌的基础力量比较薄弱;髋关节左侧屈肌基础力量较大而右侧伸肌基础力量较大,屈肌的快速力量比较薄弱,左右侧肌力存在失衡现象;膝关节左右侧肌力比较均衡,左侧屈肌的快速力量和两侧伸肌的基础力量有一定欠缺。

BACKGROUND： The gymnastic skill training of juveniles tends to be scientific and systematic, such as confirming the strength characteristics of joints and muscles and implementing training program pertinently based on the scientific diagnostic method. OBJECTIVE： To explore the isokinetic muscle strength characteristics of the trunk, hips and knees in juvenile male gymnasts. METHODS： Sixteen juvenile male gymnasts who were active athletes in Liaoning province were enrolled. ISOMED2000 isokinetic muscle strength test system was used to detect the muscle strength, and the test speed of trunk set as 30, 60 and 180（°）/s, while 60, 180 and 300（°）/s for the hips and knees. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION： At 30, 60 and 180（°）/s, the hamstring/quadriceps ratio of trunk were 91.36±1.25, 87.77±3.74 and 78.20±4.70, respectively. At 60, 180 and 300（°）/s, the hamstring/quadriceps ratio of the left hip was 65.55±4.38, 66.92±3.22 and 68.18±2.82, while that of the right hip were 57.40±4.43, 65.73±1.07 and 64.15±5.55. Additionally, the left flexor strength was significantly higher than that of the right, while the right extensor strength was significantly higher than that of the left at 60（°）/s（P〈0.05）. At 60, 180 and 300（°）/s, the hamstring/quadriceps ratio was 50.88±4.98, 54.75±4.51 and 58.80±7.93 for the left knee, and 51.55±4.30, 55.20±5.08 and 58.43±5.93 for the right knee. In three test speeds there were no significant differences in flexor and extensor strength between two sides（P〉0.05）. These results indicate that the rapid strength of the back especially of the flexor is insufficient markedly, and the basic strength of the extensor is weak. The basic strength of the left flexor in the hip is large, the same as the right extensor; the rapid strength of flexor is weak, and imbalance in the muscle strength between two sides appears. Fortunately, the muscle strength of the knee between two sides achieves balance, but there is still a certain deficiency in the rapid strength of the left flexor and the basic strength of the extensor on both sides.