近代上海平民住房救助与社区治理(1927—1937

Civilian Housing Rescue and Civilian Community Governance in Modern Shanghai from 1927 to 1937

近代以来,上海工业化、城市化的发展吸纳了大量外来移民,而绝大多数移民收入低薄,生活艰辛,"鸟巢"或"草棚"便成为其栖身立命之地,不仅造成茅舍毗邻、住房拥挤,而且也被视为"火灾"、"瘟疫"、"盗匪"的发源地。20世纪二三十年代,这一问题严重地困扰着上海城市现代化的发展进程。为此,上海市政府先后兴建了三处平民住所及四处平民村,约计一千八百余套住房及学校、操场等相配套的公共设施,开展了平民住房救助实践。然而在平民住房兴建中,上海市政府采取了向银行、企业借贷的方式,进而增加了平民住房的建造成本,致使平民住房失去了"廉租性"。上海市政府在平民住房救助实践中,将平民居住问题的解决与平民社区治理相结合,不仅予以受助者居住层面的关照,而且对受助者进行生计、社交、职业技能、思想道德、卫生健康、生活习性等层面的教导与驯化,以期使受助者成为能够适应上海城市现代化发展的新公民。然而,财政的窘困决定了上海市政府无法兴建能够满足广大底层民众居住需求的住房,致使政府开展的住房救助实践,示范效应远大于实际意义,因此政府也无法从根本上实现培育"新民",达到健全新社会、新国家之目的。

Since the beginning of modern times,the development of industrialization and urbanization in Shanghai absorbed a large number of immigrants,the vast majority of which were low-income immigrants living the hardship of life. The ＂bird＇s nest ＂or ＂huts＂had become the dwelling,making crowded housing and birthplaces of ＂fire ＂,＂plague＂,and＂bandits＂. This problem seriously troubled the developing process of Shanghai city modernization in the 1920-30＇s. Shanghai government had built three civilian residences,four civilian villages,approximate 1800 sets of housing,schools,playgrounds,and other public facilities,to carry out the civilian housing assistance practice.However,during the construction,Shanghai government asked for a loan from bank and companies,and thus increased the cost,which resulted in the failure of ＂low rent＂of civilian housing. The government considered civilian housing problem together with the civilian community governance,not only taking care of the housing,but also providing trainings in various ways to adapt the recipients to the urban modernization. However, the financial embarrassment determines the government＇s inability to meet the housing needs of the grassroots. The government carried out the housing rescue practice with a demonstration effect far greater than the actual significance. Therefore,the government could not fundamentally realize the cultivation of the ＂new people＂,neither to achieve the purpose of improving the new society and the new country.