论黑格尔法哲学与自然法的关系

On The Relationship Between Hegel's Law Philosophy and Natural Law

虽然在黑格尔的重要著作《法哲学原理》中明确讨论自然法的文字并不多,但他的法哲学与自然法思想之间有着一种密切的关联。这种关系最明显地表现为他对近代自然法学说所做的批判,在此批判中,既有黑格尔对前人的继承,更有其对前人的超越。黑格尔对自然法的批判,其目标不是要取消或拒斥自然法,而是要使自然法建立在科学的基础上,以回避之前的研究过分地依赖于经验或神秘的猜测的做法。黑格尔通过对自然法理论的批判,找到了自然法的真正出发点,这一出发点本身使得自然法理论中的核心——使自然的、特殊的意志服从属于普遍意志而成为理性立法的目标和标志——得以实现,而正是这一出发点和目标成为使黑格尔得以从自然法过渡到自由意志的关节点。由此,我们可以说,黑格尔的自然法哲学对其传统既是"消解"同时也是"完成";黑格尔的自然法哲学既是对所有自然法体系的否定,同时也表达了最终的、最完善的自然法系统。通过重构自然法,黑格尔的政治社会和国家学说成为将现代个人自由纳入到普遍正义伦理之中的一种可以接受的、比较完备的现代实践哲学。

The relationship between Hegel＇s law philosophy and the theory of natural law is obviously found in his critique of the theory of modern natural law. In the critique,Hegel inherited predecessors＇ achievement and had gone beyond. The goal of Hegel＇s critique is not to cancel or reject natural law,but to establish natural law on the basis of science in order to avoid the previous research methods which were excessively dependent on experience or mystical speculation. Through the critique of the theory of modern natural law Hegel found the real starting point of the theory of natural law,which made what was the most consistent in the theory： natural and special will belong to common will and become the goal and characteristic of rational legislation. It is became the key point that turned natural law to free will. Thus it can be concluded that,Hegel＇s philosophy of natural law is not only the resolution of the traditional theory of natural law and also a completion. Hegel＇s philosophy of natural law acted as a negative for all the natural law system,but it also showed the eventual and perfect status of the system. Through the re-structure of natural law,Hegel＇s political society and national theory is a kind of modern practical philosophy that invited modern individual freedom into the general ethics of justice.