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米兰达规则五十周年的纪念与省思 被引量:9

Reflections on Miranda Rules on Fiftieth Anniversary
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摘要 在米兰达判例之前,美国联邦最高法院虽然已经在个案中解释了1791宪法修正案中"不自证其罪"及"正当程序"条款的基本内涵,但其所采用"震撼良知"这一标准仍然存在漏洞,导致人权保护的力度有所不足。20世纪60年代,美国联邦最高法院法官以"一次一案"方式对警方讯问的合法性进行逐案审查,通过马普诉俄亥俄、吉迪恩诉温瑞特、埃斯考贝多诉伊利诺伊等数个案件,宣告了沉默权、律师会见权、警方讯问时律师在场权对刑事被告人权利保护的正当性。美国联邦最高法院对宪法第五修正案进行了"造法性解释",在1966年米兰达案明确宣示了沉默权、聘请律师辩护权、非法证据排除规则等诸多权利,该案因此也成为检验警察讯问的法治标准。在后米兰达时代,讯问规则发生了演变,米兰达规则有时被部分扩张适用,有时则被限制适用。正反两种立场进行了交锋后,最终米兰达规则成为美国司法文化的一部分。"一次一案"与"就事论事"的司法审查传统值得我国借鉴,有利于反思欧陆法学思维,亦有利于通过司法个案推进人权保护。 Prior to Miranda Rules,the standard of "shock conscience"by Supreme Court can not solve all the problems of custodial interrogations although the Court had interpreted the meaning about"against self- incrimination"and "Due process of law"in Constitution Amendment which enacted in1791. In the 1960 s,Warren Court began to focus on the legality of custody interrogations case- by-case. The court made final decision( decisions) on defendants' rights such as silence,lawyer presentation when clients were interrogated,exclusionary rule when interrogated in police house and those rights had been the touchstone on review police illegal conducts. On epoch of post- Miranda,the rule of custody interrogation had been changing in different cases by Supreme Court,sometimes partly expanded and sometimes constrained. After different opinions confronted,Miranda Rules finally became the judicial culture of United States and recognized by American society. The concepts of "one case at a time"from case law may have good values for China since American tradition of Judicial Review is so different from European legal reasoning methods. If mixing rigid rules with soft rules on custody interrogations,the court can review police conducts more effectively than before.
作者 刘磊
出处 《比较法研究》 CSSCI 北大核心 2016年第6期185-198,共14页 Journal of Comparative Law
基金 2012年国家哲学社会科学基金项目"刑事程序法的功能研究"(项目批准号:12CFX044)的研究成果
关键词 沃伦法院 震撼良知 米兰达规则 不自证其罪 一次一案 Warren Court shock conscience Miranda rights against self-incrimination one case at a time
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