西周金文所见大宗“收族”现象研究

The Shou Zu Phenomenon in the Western Zhou Bronze Inscriptions

周代宗法制度中大宗宗子如果没有亲生子,便需要从同族中收养族人之"支子"为自己的继承人,这就是西周宗法制度中的大宗"收族"现象。■不叔卣铭叙述■不族邦首领亦即大宗宗子没有儿子,■不叔■继承■不族邦大宗宗子,以"邦子"的身份成为族邦大宗宗子的继承人。臣谏簋铭文中臣谏因为自己儿子已亡,就把同母弟引庸的长子焂上报邢侯和周王,令焂继承自己的职位;在焂卣铭中,臣谏已被周王封为軝侯,原来被臣谏收养的侄子也就成了侯爵的法定继承人;焂卣铭还说明,因为亲生之子焂已过继给兄长,叔■父与亲生之子焂之间的关系也就淡化了。西周金文■不叔卣、臣谏簋、焂卣记载了大宗宗子收养"支子"为继承人的现象,为我们研究西周宗法制度下大宗"收族"现象提供了确凿而生动的资料。

According to the Zhou patriarchal clan system, successor of a big family without biological son must adopt his own heir from his clan＇s other sons without right of succession. This phenomenon was called Shou Zu. The Bu Shu You inscription narrated this story, the Bu clan chief with no son adopted Bu Shu as his heir. In the Chen Jian Gui inscription＇s narration, when Chen Jian＇s son was dead, he adopted his own brother＇s son You to inherit his position and reported the Xing＇ s Marquis and the king of the Zhou Court. In the You You inscription, when Chen Jian was bestowed as the Di＇s Marquis by the Zhou king,his previous adopted heir You became the heir of the Marquis as well. The You You inscription also indicates that after the adoption, the relationship between You and his biological father Shu Huanfu weakened. In addition,the bronze ware inscriptions on the Bu Shu You, Chen Jian Gui and You You had concurrently recorded the Western Zhou phenomenon of big family heads adopting their dan＇s son as successor,hence provides us conclusive and vivid evidences for historical study.