中国老年人的养老需求及家庭和社会养老资源现状——基于2014年中国老年社会追踪调查的分析

The Demands of Old-age Care and the Family and Social Resources for the Chinese Elderly:A Study Based on 2014 China Longitudinal Aging Social Survey

根据2014年中国老年社会追踪调查(CLASS)数据,从身体和心理健康、经济状况、社会参与、养老期望几个方面探讨我国老年人养老的突出需求和特点。对老年人家庭规模、成员构成、居住方式、子女状况等家庭养老资源和社会保障、医疗卫生服务、养老设施、社会服务等社会养老资源展开分析。研究发现:空巢家庭的老人已达47.53%;有12.54%的老年人需要不同程度的照料;失能老年人的孤独感问题和农村老年人的认知问题比较突出;老年人的经济独立程度提高,但城乡、地区之间的养老金差异较大;参与正式劳动就业的老年人比例下降而公益活动参与比例提升;我国老年人在享受老年优待、高龄津贴等福利方面取得了显著进展,但养老设施或机构的覆盖面存在明显的城乡差异。

Based on 2014 China Longitudinal Aging Social Survey,this paper explores the principal demands of old-age care for the Chinese elderly through analyzing their physical and mental health, e- conomic status, social participation, and expectations for old-age support. This paper further examines old people＇s family resources such as their family size, family structure, living arrangements, and chil- dren＇s situations and their social resources such as social security,medical and health services,facilities, and social services. The results show that 47.53% of the Chinese older people are living in the emptynest family. 12.54% of the elderly need to be cared at different levels. Pension levels still vary considerably among different regions, although the economic independence of the elderly have been improved. Welfares such as the oldest-old allowance and preferential treatment for elderly have progressed remarkably. However,there are big differences belween urban and rural areas in terms of the coverage of the old-age care institutions and facilities.