《农民专业合作社法》需要大改吗?——兼论名实之辨的意义与是否需要发展中国特色合作社理论

Does the “Farmer's Specialized Cooperatives Law” Need a Big Change?

中国现实中的合作社普遍不符合《中华人民共和国农民专业合作社法》(简称《合作社法》)的规定。是理论滞后于现实、应发展有中国特色的合作社理论并修改法律?还是理论和法律本身没有问题、是我们对理论的理解和法律及相关政策的实施出了问题?为了回答上述问题,本文从名实之辨的重要性谈起,继而从理论上论证合作社的本质规定并用一套基于随机抽样的大样本调查数据考察了现实中合作社的性质,并讨论《合作社法》是否需要修改以及怎么修改等问题。研究发现,(1)中国现实中的合作社几乎都不具备"所有者与惠顾者同一"的本质规定,多是实质为公司、"市场模式"等的"组织";(2)《合作社法》体现了合作社"所有者与惠顾者同一"的本质规定,不宜修改《合作社法》以承认现实中合作社的多样性;(3)《合作社法》强调对合作社进行物质支持弊大于利,应调整为加强制度建构。

In reality,the Cooperatives are generally not in conformity with the provisions of the 'cooperative law',how to treat this phenomenon? Theory lags behind the reality,should develop cooperative theory with Chinese characteristics,and then modify 'Cooperatives Law' in recognition of the diversity of cooperatives; or theory can guide the reality itself,is our understanding of the theory and application of a problem,the law itself and not unreasonable,but the implementation of a legal and related policies? To answer these questions,this article Differentiating the real importance of the name from the talk,then in essence the provisions of cooperatives and theoretically demonstrated with a set of Jiangsu,Jilin and Sichuan provinces large sample survey data examined a random sample based on the specific reality of co-operatives nature,and finally discuss the 'Cooperatives Law' if modifications are required and how to modify the issue. The following conclusions: 1) the reality of the cooperative almost do not have 'the same owners and patrons,' the essence of the provisions; 2) 'Cooperative Law' reflects the cooperative 'owners and patrons of the same,' the essence of the provisions; modify 'Cooperatives Law' in recognition of the reality of diversity 'cooperative' theory divorced from reality will make even tempt people wrongly use theory to guide a reality; 3) 'Cooperatives Act,' the main fault lies in the emphasis on cooperatives material support. If the 'Cooperatives Act,' introduced aims to promote the development of genuine cooperatives produce,then modify 'Cooperatives Law' had been imminent-System Construction should be emphasized rather than material support.