言词证据如何得到辩护

How to Get the Defense of Verbal Evidence

言词证据是他人经验的语言流传物,诉讼需要解决言词证据如何得到辩护的问题。现有的还原论和反还原论理论都无法实现对言词证据的有效辩护,言词证据的辩护理论需要实现向非形式逻辑理论范式、方法的转变。借助于论证型式对言词证据进行辩护,符合人类思维方式,具体化、情景化或合情的论证型式,使得对言词证据的辩护有模式理路可循;再者,论证型式以批判性问题作为评估方法,通过批判性思维来检验言词证据的可靠性是有效的。在法庭论辩中,要对言辞证据的辩护过程加以限定,语用论辩规则对证据的可靠性采用了一种新的观察视角,在质证过程中,语用论辩规则要转变为具体的程序规则。言词证据的运用应遵循直接言辞规则、防守义务规则、非法言词证据排除规则、关联性规则和融贯性规则。

Verbal evidence is the language of the experience of others, litigation needs to address the issue of how to get evidence of verbal evidence. Both the existing reduction theory and the anti-reduction theory are unable to realize the effective defense of the verbal evidence, and the defense theory of verbal evidence needs to realize the transformation of the paradigm and method of the non formal logic theory. Based on the argument type of verbal evi- dence to defend, accord with the human thinking mode, demonstration type specific, situational or plausible, the verbal evidence defense mode logic to follow; furthermore, demonstration type on critical questions as an assessment method based on critical thinking to test the reliability of verbal evidence is effective. In the court debate, to defend the process of verbal evidence is defined, the reliability of the evidence of pragmatic rules of argument using a new perspective, in the course of testimony, pragmatic rules of argument to change the specific rules of procedure. The use of verbal evidence should follow the rules of direct verbal rules, defense obligations, illegal verbal evidence ex- clusion rules, association rules and consistency rules.